Marie

HOW DOES THE CIVIL WAR END?
1. a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? -Stonewall Jackson died at Chancellorsville after being shot by his own men by mistake.

b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? -When General Hooker’s strategy seemed to work, he hesitated and had his troops took a defensive position at Chancellorsville.

2. a. What was the Gettysburg Address? -The Gettysburg Address was a brief speech from Lincoln, and perhaps his most famous speech in which Lincoln vowed: "We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under god, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

//that this nation, under God, **shall**////**have** a new birth of freedom, and////that government of the people,// //by the people, for the people,// //**shall** **not** perish from the earth.////that this nation, under God, **shall**////**have** a new birth of freedom, and////that government of the people,// //by the people, for the people,// //**shall** **not** perish from the earth.// b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? -In the battle of Gettysburg, places like Big Round Top, Culp’s Hill, and Cemetery Hill gave a good vantage point, further more, on top of the hill, people could easily fire down at their enemy.

3. a. What was the purpose of the Wilderness Campaign? -The purpose of the Wilderness Campaign was to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.

b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? -Atlanta was the center of industry and an important railroad link in the south. It was also a major city. By losing Atlanta, the south suffered considerable losses.

4. a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse? -General Sherman took over some of the few and important industrializing cities such as Atlanta and Savannah in the south. In the battle for Richmond, Grant invaded northern Virgina and clashed with Lee's army. Both sides suffered heavy losses. However, the north had more people, therefore they could call for troops at any time. And Petersburg the gateway to Richmond, Grant broke through Lee's line of defense and marched on into Richmond. Lee retreated but Grant followed and Lee saw further fighting futile.

b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war? - South suffered a staggering loss of human life and more importantly, their economy was crushed. Wherever soldiers marched, they had left a trail of cities in ruins, abandoned plantations, and ruined farms. = = =__SECTION 3 BATTLES IN THE WEST__=

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Ulysses S. Grant took hold of many Confederate's forts and territories such as Vicksburg and Shiloh. Thanks to him, the Union took the majority of the victories out in the west. Although he wasn't so interested in defense, he was exceedingly good at offense, in attacking the opponents and taking over more and more territories. ======

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The battle was important because the Union's victory in Shiloh gave the Union more control of the Mississippi River. This was very beneficial to the Union because they could cut down the supply lines, communication (telegraph), and transportation (train) between the east and the west Confederacy. ======

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I think he would have approved of Grant's actions in the west. Unlike General McCellen from the east, Grant was very decisive and bold. He was bold and restless who preferred offense than defense. Therefore, he was able to take away all the victories and get even with the South from all the defeats in the east. He was a much better leader and a general than General McCellen. ======

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General Farragut brought his navy through the Gulf of Mexico to destroy one of the biggest city in the south, New Orleans. He ordered his wooden ships to be covered in chains to protect them like ironclads. Not only that, he made the ships to be covered with mud and wooden sticks to disguise them. Then, at night, he led an unexpected attack towards the shore and began to fire. The city quickly fell apart, and the North took the victory. This was an important victory for the North because they just took over one of the biggest city in South and also the Mississippi river that acted as an important transportation source for the armies. ======

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The people living in the city were starving along with the confederate soldiers because General Grant had cut down all the food supply lines that went to the city. Because of this, the civilians had to suffer along with the soldiers. ======

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People would start to believe that the North might win the war after all. One other possible result would be that the army controlled by General Grant will be in control of most of the western territories. Also, General Grant would earn even more reverence and awes from the North; he would become an idol in the Union where they are all hoping that the war would end. ======

War Begins
1) Identify What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? The battle of fort Sumter triggered the start of the war between the North and South. The election of Lincoln also triggered the war. 2) Contrast How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? The north's plan was to cut off the south of its supplies and trading by blocking the Charleston port. They also planned the take over the Mississippi river ti divide the south. However, the south's plan was very simple and easy. They only needed to protect their land was wait until the north grew tired and gave up. 3)Evaluate Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer. In my opinion the North was more prepared for war than the South. They were more smart and strategic than the South. They had an easy way to get the word around because of the railroads and telegraphs. The north was industrial and had more money than the South. There was more people in the north too. Even if the south had more land, it was made up of farms and plantations. 4)Describe How did women take part in the war? The women helped out in the war by setting up emergency hospitals. They made food, prepared their uniforms, and did a good deal more. 5)Summarize In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war? The North and South were both short on resources like ammo and guns. Also, a majority of the soldiers did not even know how to load a gun, in short they weren't trained. The north and south had no idea of the tragedies that would befall them in the war. 6)Why did men volunteer to fight in the war? Men volunteered to fight in the war to fight for their beliefs, keep the country as one, and to gain glory. The south on the other hand, fought because they didn't want the Northerners in their land.

1) List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. After Forth Sumter, the battle of Bull Run took place. It was a bloody battle and the South claimed their victory. The two battles later called the Seven days battle and the second battle of bull run were all won by the south. The union at last made a victory in the battle of Antietam. 2) Why do you think the Union lost the First Battle of Bull Run? In the first battle of Bull Run, people sat on the Hill to enjoy the battle. They had no idea what they were getting themselves into. They brought their wagons/carriages with them and blocked the North from retreating. The North also grew to tired and weary before beating the south. 3)Describe What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the Battle of Antietam? The Confederacy actually stepped over the border line and started to attack within the north. 4)What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? The north won the battle of Antietam however, this was one of the bloodiest wars in U.S history. Both sides both a considerably large amount of their troops. 5) Why do you think General George B. McClellan did not finish off General Robert E. Lee’s troops when he had the chance? General George though that Robert's troops would counter attack his troops, so he divided his army into four and waited for the south's troops. They never came though, for they had retreated, and General George lost his chance to finish of Robert Lee's army. 6) Describe What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea?

7)Why were ironclads more successful than older, wooden ships? The ironclads were more useful because they didn't get knocked down as much for they were made of iron, also they could knock down the wooden ships down easily.


 * Missouri Compromise- This was another compromise that was proposed by Henry Clay which made Missouri a slave state while it made Maine a free state. It solved the dispute between the abolitionists and southerners.
 * secession- This in an act of separating from its nation. This happened to the Southern states when the disputes between slavery grew stronger
 * Compromise of 1850 - This Compromise, proposed by Henry Clay’s that allowed California to enter America as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty or the idea that political power belongs to the people. The compromise also made Texas give up territories east of the Rio Grande and in return the national government payed all its debuts. It also made the slave trade forbidden in the capitol, but fugitive slaves could be passed.
 * Fugitive Slave Law- this law gave southerners and the commissioners in the southern states an advantage over slavery. It was forbidden for the slaves to escape from their owners. The commissioners were also allowed to arrest the slaves that tried to run away, including the people that helped them.
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin- This was a book at spoke strongly of anti-slavery written by Harriet Stowe. Many people changed their idea of slavery after reading the book.
 * Ostend Manifesto- U.S diplomats at Ostend, Belgium planed to take Cuba from Spain. This document, detailed with the plans was intended to be a secret, but it leeked out.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act- This gave the rights to voters in Nebraska and Kansas in deciding if it were to become a free or slave state. This made more disputes and relationships between the abolitionists and southerners.
 * Dred Scott Case- This was a case in which, Dred Scott sued the federal government. This slave was traveling with his owner, when the owner died. Then the slave became the owner's wife's property. He thought he was to become free since they for living in a free state. The lower courts thought that he should be able to gain his freedom, however when the case was brought up to the Supreme Court, they said that the African America had no right to sue the government, therefore he was turned down.
 * John Brown's Raid- was an American abolitionist who led the Pottawatomie Massacre He also tried to raid Harpers Ferry, but was unsuccesful.
 * Election of 1860- In the election of 1860, tensions between the north and south were rising. New political parties appeared. The Constitutional Union believed that they should only follow the Constitution and their political ideas. John Bell was their representative. However, on the other hand the Republicans believed in abolishing slavery. Abraham Lincoln was their candidate. Lincoln did not win any of the state votes, yet he still became the president. This showed that the free states had more power at the time.

Main Ideas  The Slavery Issue was brought up on more than usual when admitting Texas and California into the Union. It clearly showed the tensions between the North and South even though the Compromise of 1850 sloved the problems and fight for a time.
 * 1) Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860). The Kansas Nebraska Act was significant becasue it worsened the relationship between the north and south . The relationship was becoming uglier and uglier. The Missouri Compromise was important because it proved the amount of tension between the southerners and the abolitionists and how they wanted to make a state a free state or a slave one. It defined which state would be a slave state or free state. Lots of disputes occurred. The Compromise of 1850 settled the disputes by satisfying the abolitionists and the southerners for a short amount of time. Dred Scott Decision showed that African Americans had limited power(very limited). The election of Lincoln showed that the abolitionists had more power in the union. The State's Rights Doctrine is important because it made clear that the U.S. Constitution protects the rights of the individual states. All in all they brought forth the Civil War
 * 2) Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850.

There were two main parts to the Monroe Doctrine. The first was that the era of colonization of the Americas had ended. This meant that the the citizens of the Americas were not to be considered for subjects of colonization for the European countries. The other major part in the Doctrine was that any attempt of political influence or colonization would be seen as a threat to America's peace and safety. This was done to turn down England's offer to colonize Southern America together, since it would mean that there would be no possibility of America adding more states from South America if they had an alliance with England. The Monroe Doctrine influenced America's foreign policy greatly. To this day the United States does not tolerate the meddling of European powers in Latin America. That policy is still well kept. For example, in 1962 President John. F Kennedy defended America's action against Cuba by stating that the Monroe Doctrine still applied, and that the U.S would oppose a foreign country that was extending power over the the Americas. France had their eyes set on expanding on the new world and demanded Spain to give them the lands of the Louisiana Territory. They began backing off when France suffered a humiliating defeat in a slave revolt. Napoleon decided to put more investments into conquering England and drew back away from America. Napoleon also needed money for soldiers and funding to carry out the conquest, so he decided to sell the land from Spain. They offered America a bargain of $10 million. Monroe and Livingston agreed, and in doing so, America doubled
 * Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose.**
 * How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries?**
 * Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory.**

Monroe Doctrine- This was more like a refusal to England's offer of colonizing South America together, but it also set up some American foreign policys. The Louisiana Purchase- This was a HUGE amount of land bought from France with a bargain.

__BROWN VS. BOARD: An American Legacy__ In 1954, a black man called Oliver Brown sued the board of education. At the time he had a daughter in 3rd grade that was going to a separate school from the whites. Her school consisted of colored people. Oliver saw that as a violation of the 14th amendment, and filed for the case. In the trial, the court also resolved that the difference in school was unconstitutional and declared that it did indeed violate the 14th amendment, which was equal rights for white & colored people. This case changed the school systems gradually and the Blacks saw this a beacon of hope. Many were inspired and some court cases like //Briggs v. Elliott// & //Bolling v. Sharpe// also took place. The Supreme Court announced that racial segregation violates the spirit and the letter of our Constitution. Discrimination started to ease up quite a bit from then on. I agree to this ruling, as I would also be in a colored school if I were to attended school in the states. Having separate schools encouraged the children to start picking on the difference of skin color. The while schools then were also in good condition. On the other hand, the colored schools were considered "lower". It is very unconstitutional, for it completely went against the 14 amendment.

How many supreme court justices are there?
9 supreme court justices

What is the supreme court? and what does it do?
The supreme court is the highest court in America. It handles "major" cases such as abortion or stem cell research...

What is the Judiciary Act of 1789? What is Judicial review?
This act created the first ever Judicial branch. At the time they had 6 people in the supreme court and 13 lower districts.

Marbury VS Madison
When Thomas Jefferson was appointed to office, he didn't like the fact that there were so many federalists, so he told Madison not to send a notice. When arbury found out, he sued Madison. Then the supreme court was given a new power, it could then delare anything passed, unconctitutional. //Lewis and Clark// [|__Why did Jefferson want to explore the West?__] There were many reasons why Jefferson wanted the explore the West. There were tons of rumors about it, such as a mountain made of salt and Indians with blue eyes. Being the resourceful man he was, Jefferson always wanted to learn more. Another reason was that Jefferson wanted to show the citizens that he could spread liberty all the way our to the west coast. __[|Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?]__ Lewis was the ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery, because he was a great delegator(served in the military. Lewis also had marvelous leadership skills. He always kept his cool and behaved in a proper military manner. This was quite the opposite from Clark, who was more easy going, however they both had leadership. __[|What kind of man was William Clark?]__ While Lewis was rather moody, Clark was solid. He was less educated than Lewis, but he was an excellent cartographer. He was the one that solved all the problems and was the pillar of support for Lewis. Basically, Clark had a strong personality. __[|Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?]__ Sacagawea was a Shoshoni that was hired along with Toussaint Charbonneau, Sacagawea’s husband. She could speak Shoshoni, Minitari, and as well as French. She aided the expedition by translating and having connections. Lewis and Clark wanted some horses in order to make it across the Rockies and the Shoshoni were known horsemen. It was a stroke of luck that Sacagawea’s brother was the Chief. She also knew how to find food. For example, she taught some of the men how to dig up onions and was just good at finding food. Sacagawea could read landscape pretty well and had a sense of direction too. [|__What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the expedition?__] Life for York was great during the expedition. He was a part of the team and got to do what no other slaves did. York voted, owned his own firearm, and did just about anything the rest of the team did. He was also liked by the Indians because he was black. York experienced life as a free man, but when he went back into civilization, he was a slave once more. __[|How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?]__ When they met Indians they always tried to establish tread relations first. They gave them gifts and made peace. They also wanted to say that they were all part of the the United States and that the indians should stop fighting each other because it was bad for their trade. __[|What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?]__ They found prairie dogs and were fascinated about their lifestyle.They also found the animal Indians feared, the Grizzly bear. Of course it was an easy win with the gun. I believe that Lewis and Clark brought 2 live bears to the white house, where they were raised in cages. Few animals that they discovered were the badgers,sandhill crane, and a long tailed weasel. __[|What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?]__ Some of the less known things about their journey was the trial made on whisky. The men knew exactly how much whiskey was left. When a man drank more than his share, he had as trail, was found guilty, and was punished. Also, they took along seaman, Lewis's huge dog. __[|What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?]__ hmmm... I dont think this journey was actually historically significant.... But if you want one, it could be the fall of the indians. Lewis and Clark was like the beginning of the end. They began to lose their land to the Europeans and began to be moved further west. On the other hand...you could say that Lewis and Clark’s expedition was the first to succeed and come back from America.

LAUNCHING THE NATION- HAMILTON AND NATIONAL FINANCES __1.  What economic problems did the new government face?__ The new government faced a ton of economic problems. The main problem was the debts. America had lots of debts both from other countries and from the citizens. During the war, they had raised their money by bonds, and now they had to pay back the money. Another problem was the unstable banking system. This greatly affected the U.S economy. __What compromise did **Alexander** **Hamilton**, **Thomas Jefferson**, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts?__ The three men followed Hamilton's debt compromise. Jefferson and Madison persuaded the southerners to contribute paying taxes to pay off the state debts and Hamilton persuaded the northerners to change the capital from N.Y.C to Washington. These two conditions from the compromise made both sides- north and south- happy. 2.  __What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government?__ Jefferson believed in weak national government with strong state government. He thought that each individual had the equal right to contribute and make a better country. In the other hand, Hamilton believed in strong national government. He thought average people had no particular interest in governing. Therefore, his goal was to balance the "mass of people" with wealthier citizens.  __Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy?__ Since Hamilton was a New Yorker he was in siding with the northerners. Like northerners, he believed that manufacturing and business was more important than farming. Unlike the north, farming was essential for business in the south, so of course their views would be different Also, he thought that high taxes were necessary to pay back the taxes. However, since Jefferson was a farmer in the southern states, he preferred opposite things. He valued farming more important than businesses. He also thought that high taxes were not fair for the farmers. __Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer.__ I believe in Jefferson's idea regarding the average citizen's ability to make decisions for the country. No one in the country should be excluded from ruling their own country. Therefore, it is important for the government to encourage each citizen to contribute to building the country. If this isn't followed and only the wealthy, high ranking groups of power gets the right to make decisions, the whole country will turn to oligarchy or even back to monarchy. __3. <span class="redsubhead2" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 51); font-size: 10pt; font-family: sans-serif;"> Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the **Bank of the United States**?__ Jefferson believed that the government didn't have the power to control over the banking system, stating that the constitution never mentioned such power. He said that this would give too much power to the federal government. __What is the difference between **loose** **construction** and **strict construction** of the Constitution?__ Loose constructions means that the government can take reasonable actions that the constitution never mentioned. This was what Hamilton believed in. However, strict construction means that the government can only do things that the constitution asked to do. Jefferson supported this idea. __<span class="redsubhead2" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 51); font-size: 10pt; font-family: sans-serif;"> Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank.__ With the national back, the federal government can lend money to the businesses when needed to help them survive through economical hardships. This would bring stability to the U.S economy.

WASHINGTON LEADS A NEW NATION
1. a) What role did the electoral college play in **George Washington’s** election to the presidency? The electoral college(group of people from each state) that represented the people's vote in voting for the president and vice, voted for George Washington as the president and John Adams as the vice. Back then the vice was the one with the 2nd most amount of votes. However, most of the electoral college voted for George Washington.

1. b) What were some of **Martha** **Washington’s** duties as First Lady? Martha Washington entertained guests of her husband and also accompanied him to social events.(that was really it)

2. a) What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? They formed a cabinet, a group of people to assist the president in different areas. George selected Henry Knox as the secretary of war, Thomas Jefferson as the secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as the secretary of the treasury, and Edmund Randolph as the attorney general. (they were all handpicked smart pl, good choice Washington)

2. b)What was the purpose of the **Judiciary** **Act of 1789**? The Judiciary Act of 1789 created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers with the state courts. It also set up federal district court and circuit court of appeals. To make a long story short, this act basically made the federal court.

2. c)What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why? The most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is probably that it set a purpose for the federal court. In doing so, the first structure of the Judiciary branch was made.

3. a) What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? New York City was the first capital city because, it was quickly recovering from the Revolution, and is was one of the cities that had a population of over 25000 or so. I thought that the D.C area was being made at Washington's death?

3. b) What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? The Americans had didn't really want a super strong national government. Most of them were afraid that it would be just like England then. They wanted easy going trade, to be free from too many restrictions. They just wanted the government to keep out of their lives and keep the economy going.

3. c) Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. Yes, I believe that N.Y should still be the capital. It is one of the busiest cities in the world and a lot of things center around N.Y a lot, such as economy. I understand that N.Y is all the way up in the north east, however I don't really think that Washington is any different. it is also quite far in the east(right above Virgina) Some people argue that the capital shouldn't be included in any state. I have been to the D.C area often because I lived in upper Virgina and I have also visited N.Y often. To be honest, Washington D.C is pretty much like any other big city and the only difference is that there is a White house and other important Congress Buildings. Also there is only one airport in the district of Colombia. I think that it will be difficult to travel if there are problems with the Regan Airport. I don't think that they should have moved the capital to Washington at all, why bot just stay in N.Y?

4) The Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 and created departments in the executive branch. They also set up the electoral college. Washington handpicked the first cabinet and also set up good precedent for future presidents.

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Fridays assignment to be posted by next class.**Write an answer to the following question: Besides searching for riches,a shorter route to Asia,and converting Natives,what similarities and differences did the explorers have?Name two similarities and two differences.(Compare and contrast)**=====

The explorers have an obvious similarity. Most of them hated Indians and tried to kill them off. For example Cortes wiped out the whole Aztec empire with a few amount of people compared to the Aztec. This leads to another similarity. How did Cortes wipe out the Ancient Aztec with only a small army? The answer to this is disease. Tons of explorers brought diseases that the Indians had never encountered before and they died by the thousands. Smallpox was one of the more effective diseases that spread quite quickly around the continent.

However the explorers all have a different background. Some where poor while others were rich and had good education. I think that this the the main cause that effects their goal. For example some explorers wanted to find routes while others wanted to obtain gold and riches. And __others and different reasons. Cabot wanted to go the the west because he wanted to be in part of the exciting adventure.__

Vocabulary Constitution- basic principles and rules/laws that determined the duties and the power of the government. Virginia Plan- This plan was made by Edmund Raleigh and it proposed that the legislative branch should have toe branches and have representation according to the population of the states. Compromise- the agreement or the settlement of a dispute, solved by each side making demands. Great Compromise- an agreement stating that legislative branch should have two houses; first group formed by two people from each state, and second group determined by the population of the states. Three fifth Compromise- an agreement made, so that only 3/5 of the slaves were actually counted as their population(representation) The NJ plan- this plan was made by the smaller states so that it would not be overpowered by bigger states, it says that the legislature branch should have the same number of representation from each state. Electoral college- this is a group of pl that got selected from each state to vote in the presidential election. Should the government's power come from the states or the people? the government's power should come from the people, this is so because the states vary from size and larger states may overpower smaller ones.Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? Slaves should be counted as people. It is wrong to have slavery just because they are different. Also, even though they are slaves, they are still human which means that they should at least have a little representation.Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? The slave trade should be outlawed. This will allow slavery to gradually disappear over time. Even though some plantation farmers may suffer(they should just hire pl) I'm pretty sure that at time there were already states that had abolished the slave trade.Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? In my opinion, a single person should not be the head of the executive branch. I believe it should be 2 people like the Ancient Rome's government, so that dictatorship would happen less.Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? the people should elect their president because the congress can be bribed or they may have different ideas that the people. Besides, the president is going to be serving the people, so they should vote for him/her.