Minsuk

1. How did the Church attempt to enhance the quality of life in medieval Europe? Like how our body function parts work, people should work cooperatively together and it will bring better results.
==2. Why do you think medieval peasants would support the Church? Life was hard for peasants and they almost didn’t get any profits at all for working all day in the field and thus they joined Church, where there are sources provided for them.==

3. How did the Church bring about an increase in political stability in Europe? The churches had put individual jobs into categories so that people could focus on their own job only.
==4. How were a feudal manor and a monastic community similar? The better the low ranked people followed the instructions of the upper ranked people, the better they were treated and they get easier life to live.==

7. Could a bishop or abbot be a feudal lord as well? No, a bishop or abbot couldn't be a feudal lord.
==**(A) What is the view of medieval society in this document? -Every member has a purpose in the medieval society. (B) According to this document, what is the deadliest of sins? -The deadliest of sins is greed. (C) Why does Pope Innocence 3 believe that the church has more power than kings and other secular rulers? -The power of the king comes from the pope. (D) Why did the Church need protection here in the 11c? -The world is currently in an evil state. (E) What did they fear could happen if they became part of the feudal system? -They will be able to do nothing if they became part of the feudal system, even in times of war. (F) Why did the religious life have such a great appeal at this time in history? -People wanted to decide whether others are from god. God made everyone. (G) Were there materialistic as well as spiritual reasons for entering a monastery? -No, there were no materialistic reasons. (H) What are Benedict's reasons for not allowing a monk to change his mind and leave the cloister once vows have been taken? -Everyone has to commit to god. (Skip questions to document 6 because it is hard to see the diagram) (I) How would you describe life in a medieval society? -Most time is spent for church services. (J) How is the summer schedule different from the winter one? -The monk sleeps more in the winter. (K) What are the results of being excommunicated from the Catholic church? -They would be criticized, and would be accursed. (L) How were personal freedoms limited by church doctrine and outlook? -There would be consequences for doing some actions, especially bad ones.**== ==9. Why do you think that the European Middle Ages is known as the "Age of Faith?" The European Middle Ages is known as the Age of Faith because every single people were devoted Christians through out their life.== ==Vocabulary #9 * sacraments - is what Roman Catholics believe to be "a rite in which God is uniquely active." * canon law - the body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church * monastery - A house of religious retirement, or of secusion from ordinary temporal concerns, especially for monks; * monk - Devoted Christians * abbot - The superior or head of an abbey. * nun - A female devoted Christian * convent - A coming together; a meeting. * Benedictine Rule - One of works that Saint. Benedictine made that has codes. * law of primogeniture - ancient rule from England. (feudal) * simony - The selling and buying of holy orders * tithe - A tenth part of one's annual income contributed voluntarily or due as a tax * Peter's Pence - A tax of one penny per household paid in medieval England to the Papal See. * "Age of Faith" - One of the periods in Europe when people were devoted into religions==

__Peasant and monks__
===__Peasants believed in witches and told tales. Monks could hardly feed themselves and half of children were dying. Roads were not developed so that it was hard for peasants to work. Therefore, so many people tried to work on monastery and become a monk. Monastery became one of the most important resources in 730AD. Only few knew how to write and read; there was hardly any who were educated properly. One of the famous monk is known as Benedict, who was believed to know about future, cure sickness and acted like a prophet. He was such a strict abboat and he gave such strict rules such as no having sexual relations, no talking and etc. People were getting so tired of this and so they tried to kill him. Once they poisoned Benedict’s drink, but the glass suddenly shattered as Benedicts prayed before he drink. Second, people poisoned his bread, but a raven had taken away. It was such a lucky save for Benedict and he realized people were trying to eliminate him and so he decided to leave Abboat and make this own civilization.__===

__Vikings__
===__The Vikings were venturesome seafarers. From Denmark, Norway and Sweden they spread through Europe and the North Atlantic in the period of vigorous Scandinavian expansion (AD 800-1050) known as the Viking Age. The Vikings raided Britain, Ireland, and other parts of Western Europe. Although they are often thought of primarily as raiders, the Vikings were also traders, explorers and settlers. Unlike Roman society, they were very ‘barbaric’, they didn’t have organized society, government, they are just invading any other available countries they could. Theere was no rule or law for them. Because Vikings could sail their ships up rivers, their raids weren’t limited to coastal areas. The Vikings also reached inland cities and attacked cities in the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. The development of the Viking ship, made this expansion possible. With its flexible hull and its keel and sail, the Viking ship was far superior to ships and boats used by other peoples at the time. The attacks were swift and savage, and Europeans lived in terror of Viking raids.__===

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=__Jousts and Tournaments__= __   Tournaments were public contests of skill between knights. Anyone could enter a tournament if they had armor, a horse, a sword, and a shield. You could make at tournaments by winning prizes. Joust is one of the medieval sports and it was a form of combat between two knights. It consisted of two horses charging at each other from opposite directions with a rider holding a sharp lance. A low wooden fence only separated them. The goal was to knock your opponent off his horse. Knights would either forfeit their horse and armor or if able, they would fight on ground with a sword and shield. This was pretty hard to do, because saddles had a back piece that rose up about a foot. This was designed to help a knight keep his seat in battle, and it served the same purpose at the joust. If the knight ever fell, his squire, {which are knights in training}, would make sure they were all right. If the knight splintered 3 lances it was either a draw or his choice was to fight on the ground. The joust could last for days because all knights would compete in it. __ = =

=__Castles__= __Medieval castles in Europe were built over a period of more than 500 years - from around 1000 AD to 1550 AD. Medieval Castles were more than just large fortresses with massive stonewalls. They were ingeniously designed fortifications that used many brilliant and creative ways to protect their inhabitants from attacking enemies. A moat, which is a body of water that surrounds a castle, is often thought of as a water obstacle that had to be crossed; but this wasn’t the primary function of a moat. One of the biggest concerns of the inhabitants of a medieval castle or fortress was the fear that an invading army would dig tunnels under the fortification. This was an extremely effective method of defense for the inhabitants of a Medieval Castle. It was a series of obstacles that started on the outside of the castle and worked their way in. It was usually a progression like a cleared field, an outer wall, a moat, an inner wall, a keep and then a strong hold tower. Stairwells were often very carefully designed in Medieval Castles. Stairwells that curved up to towers often curved very narrowly and in a clockwise direction. This meant that any attackers coming up the stairs had their sword hands (right hand) against the interior curve of the wall and this made it very difficult for them to swing their swords. Defenders had their sword hands on the outside wall, which meant they had more room to swing. A medieval castle was a structure that was totally designed right down to the last detail with the protection of its inhabitants in mind__

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=__Serfs and peasants__= __Serfs had no political rights and were to work on soil all they long. In order to escape this burdens, some tried to run away from their manors. If they escaped and able to stay in a town as some other figures like craftsmen and after a year and a day, one becomes a freeman. Besides working on the lord’s land, usually three days a week, the peasants were expected to do repair work around the manor on roads and bridges. Three fields in each manor existed in the farmlands. One Field was planted in the spring, another in the fall and third one as left alone. Nothing was planted on the last one, because the plants eat the materialisms in the ground and eventually the ground will be useless. So people rotated the left alone field in each year, waiting for the materialisms to grow back. All those three fields were divided into strips of land. People who collect taxes were called tenants. However, serfs and peasants had day off after working for three or four days. Knights protected peasants and serfs during the war. The clothing of the peasants and other lower class people was usually made of rough wool or linen. Peasants had a fairly unchanging diet of baked bread, porridge, stew, seasonal vegetables, and some meat. Peasants ate what they could grow. Oath of Fealty -Lords, vassals in feudal system had duties to fulfill to one another -Knight's chief duty as vassal to provide military service to his lord -Had to promise to remain loyal Lord and vassal -Europe's feudal system incredibly complex -person could be both lord, vassal -some knights with large fiefs gave small pieces of land to other knights, created many levels of obligations -One knight could serve many lords; no prohibition against knight accepting fiefs from ore than one noble. Fealty to king -Almost everyone in system served more than one lord. -Theoretically, everyone supposed to be loyal to the king -In practice, not everyone loyal How did feudal system work? Lord gave land to knight for protection and loyalty. The manorial system The feudal system was a political and socia system. A related system goverened medieval economics. This system was called the manorial system becasue it was built around large estates called manors. A typical manor -most of manor's land occupied by fields for crops, pastures for animals. Daily in middle ages life in castle Early castles ubilt for defense not comfort. Few windows, stuffy in summer, cold in winter dark always spaces nobles had to shar space with others including soldiers and servants private rooms very rare main room the hall, large room for dining, entertaining Bedrooms in early castles noble family bedrooms separated from main area by sheets latrines near bedrooms wooden bathtub outside in warm weather insdie near fireplace in winter Life in a village Depsite discomfors, life in a castle was preferable to life in a village. LIved in small wodden one-room house. Roof was made of straw, floor of dirt, furniture of rough. Shared with animals used them to keep warm cooked meals over open fire brown bread, cheese, vegetalbes meat sometimes no chimneys house full of smoke Castles life was comforatable no working.
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 * Assignment 1- THE BARBARIANS **

1. Since these barbarian tribes were in the "Dark Ages", do you think they were friendly towards each other? Why or why not? No, these barbarian tribes from Dark Ages are not friendly towards each other at all, even though they are both barbarians. They only think for themselves, for expanding their lands, for wealth and for their own goods. Dark Ages was a tough period and so everyone was busy surviving themselves. 2. One of the tribes we didn't study was called the Merovingians. Who were the Merovingians? (Use source 1 to answer this question.) Merovingians were germanic tribes that are now part of western Germany, and France. The kings of this tribe were called the Merovingian kings, and ruled from A.D. 400 until the A.D. 700s. 3. Who was Clovis and why was his conversion to Christianity important in history? (Use source 2) Clovis was a king of the Franks and ruler of much of Gaul from 481 to 511, during the transformation of the Roman Empire into Europe. He encouraged his people to also convert to this new faith. The Germanic tribes would be critical in later years in defending Christianity against invading Muslims.

__Assignment  2 __ -THE DARK AGES
 1. What is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages? Great civilizations of Greece and Rome had fallen. Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was very hard. Very few people could read or write and nobody expected conditions to improve. The only hope for most people during the Middle Ages was their strong belief in Christianity, and the hope that life in heaven would be better than life on earth.  2. What is the Latin name for the Middle Ages? It is known as the Medieval ages.  3. Why do you think the Middle Ages are often called the "  __**Dark**__ Ages"? What was the only hope for people during these difficult times? Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was very hard. Very few people could read or write and nobody expected conditions to improve. The only hope for most people during the Middle Ages was their strong belief in Christianity, and the hope that life in heaven would be better than life on earth.  4. While Europe was in the "Dark Ages", what was happening in the rest of the world? Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa studied and improved on the works of the ancient Greeks while civilization flourished in sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, and the Americas.  5. How long did the "Dark Ages" last and what year did they end? around AD 410 when the roman empire finally lost its influence although Rome still had an emperor until AD 476and some would argue that that is when the dark ages began. The End of the Middle Ages is often dated at the Fall of Constantinople to the Turks, and the death of the last Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire on the morning of Tuesday May 29th, 1453.  6. What does Renaissance mean and what happened during this time? The word literally means "rebirth". If you are asking about the historical period, The Renaissance, that was a time (say 1400 -- 1550) which saw the spread of language and learning right across Europe. It was a time that saw the beginning of printing so that many people could get books. It was the great "awakening" in art, culture and learning.

__**Assignment 3-THE FRANKS**__

1. How did Charlemagne and the Franks turn their kingdom into an empire? The Conquests of Charlemagne were so huge that people thought he had restored the West Roman Empire. A consequence of that was Charlemagne’s coronation to emperor by the pope 800. But the Frankish tradition to divide the kingdom between the kings’ sons made the unity only temporary.

2. What did Charlemagne do to educate people? Following his taking control of the Frankish government, Charlemagne grew concerned about the numbers of his people who could not read or write. He sought to improve the situation by opening schools around his kingdom. Charlemagne also gathered together the brightest scholars of his era, and had them work to preserve ancient texts and records. These scholars copied the writings of the Romans, and others, preserving them for future generations

3. How and why did Charlemagne preserve ancient texts? They made the sculptors preserve ancient text and he wanted to preserve ancient texts for education and etc.

__Middle Ages assignment 2 Define the words Middle Ages: The period in European history between the ancient time and the Renaissance, dated from A.D. 476 to 1453. It was time of violence, bandits, barbarians, and outlaws with awful system of feudalism and manor.

medieval: It is a Latin word meaning middle ages.

Patrick : one of the first missionaries to travel to northern Europe was Patrick, who took it upon himself to teach people about Christianity.

Monk: While missionaries traveled to spread Christian teachings, men called monks were equally dedicated to their faith. Monks were religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities.

Monastery: Communities of monks, or monasteries, were built all over Europe in the Middle Ages. Monks reside in these communities, they spent their time in prayer, work, and meditation.

Benedict: He was an Italian monk, who had became a great help to the history of monasticism. This religion spread across Europe and dominated the religious life of hte middle ages. The purpose of Benedict was to erect a shcool for beginners in the service of the Lord

Charlemagne:. He was a German, who spread the Christianity over the Western Europe and conquered many lands out there. He had defeated Saxons, one of the barbarians attacks. He was crowned as an emperor Augustus in 800s, by the leader of Roman Church named Pope Leo third.

1. a. How are monks and monasteries related? Monks were missionaries, who traveled to spread Christian teachings and they lived in monastery, where they spend their time praying and working.

b. Why did missionaries travel to northern Europe? Britain and Ireland and such countries are islands and so it was easier to convert them to believe in Christianity.

c. Why do you think monks followed such strict rules? Monks believed that following such strict rules will make them good Christians.

2. a. What is Charlemagne famous for? He is famous for conquering many Western Europe and uniting them.

b. What do you think Charlemagne’s greatest accomplishment was? Why? His greatest accomplishment was being crowned as an emperor Augustus in 800s. From then on, he began to make laws, rules and many other things in good process and changes to the people.

3. a. What areas of Europe did the Vikings raid? The Vikings raided Britain, Ireland, and other parts of western Europe.

b. Why were people in Europe so frightened of Viking raids?

The attacks were swift and savage, and Europeans lived in terror of Viking raids. Because Vikings could sail their ships up rivers, their raids weren’t limited to coastal areas. The Vikings also reached inland cities and attacked cities in the Iberian and Italian peninsulas.__

Druze summary

The Druze is a member of a political and religious sect of Islamic origin, living chiefly in Lebanon and Syria. It broke away from the Islamic Muslims in 11 century: the Muslims community at large regarded them as heretical. While the Druze is not regarded as Muslims by other Muslims, they regard themselves as Muslims as well as carriers of the core of this Islam. The Druze is incorporated with groups of Shi’is, but Koran doesn’t seem to be part of their religion. The theology of Druze religion is called hikma and its main theme is that God incarnated himself in the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim, who they claim disappeared in 1021. While most Muslims believe he died in 1021, the Druze disagree and believe that al-Hakim is awaiting to return to the world in order to bring a new golden age to true believers. Druze believes in one God and claim that the qualities of God cannot be understood or defined by humans. Al-Hakim is worshiped in Druze religion; he is called 'Our Lord'. The knowledge of about this hierarchal system is the highest knowledge in the Druze religion.

Islam before the test notes
Islam is a verb-(action) means -surrender, -submit,-obey, -sincerity, -peace to Allah Anyone who does the action of Islam is a Muslim. Islam is based on bringing peace, and success, correct, belief and action Allah is one God no partners Angels are made of light, never disobey God Book bibles, Gospel & Quran All from God Prophets human not god inspired by god day of judgment everyone will be resurrected Devine Decree everything from God Salvation is by Grace Surrender submit obey sincerely to god you find true peace-that is Islam. 1. Public testimoney of faith -Shahadah no god to worship except Allah Muhammad is the messenger of god 2. Daily Ritualistic prayers -Salat Fasting Month of Ramadan no food, no drink stay starving(only day time Charity zakat 2.5%of wealth is donated to poor Pilgrimage to Mekkah

1. What are somethings that didn't surprise you about the information on the map?
I am not surprised that Makkah was named as Mecca, since it's already been told and the extension of Islam was obvious as well, since it's been told as well. Mr.Campbell said after the victory over Makkah, Muhammad had led Islam to spread around the world.

2. Which areas/countries of the world are you surprised have a large Muslim population?
I am surprised that Islam had even influenced Spain, crossing throughout Africa. It shows great strength of Islam and muslims.

3. Which country has the highest Muslim population? Why do you think this country has the highest population?
I think countries around Mecca and Madina have the highest Muslim population, because those are the original places where Islam started.

4. Why do you think Islam is spread out so much?
The victory over Makkah brought a lot of strength to Islam and the influence started to enlarge as all the population in Makkah started to devote on Islam as well. Then, muslims migrated and spread around their religion and now it had spread so much. In what way are the Muslims you see in the photo gallery different? Women in the pictures were allowed to wear a lot of jewelries and they were treated in same way as men do. They did not have to wear veils and they were to eat a lot of other stuff; they don't have to be vegetarians. They are different because even though they have same religions they have different cultures and they all look different by countries. Muslims are from all over the world.
 * //What do you think accounts for these differences?//**

Before the fall of the Roman Empire, Rom splits into eastern and western in 330BC. Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire east, to the old Greek civilization. He moved it because of political troubles, barbarian invasions, and inflation. Byzantium was easy to defend and good for trade. Byzantium was great of its location, trade, and military power. Constantinople was in an ideal place for trade and protection. Gateway between East and West for trade. It was surrounded by water for protection.Coinage-gold coins called nomisma. The nomisma became the standard coin throughout the Mediterranean. The head of the Empire The head of the Empire –Determined taxes –Controlled the Army -Controlled the Treasury – Presided over all festivities. Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Church The Emperor was the most powerful person in the Empire. In the ranks, emperor was the first, second, imperial advisers, Bureaucrats, Byzantine senate, magister officiorum and thousands of spies. The job for imperial advisers and bureaucrats are to help emperor to complete his duty. The Emperor's power was moderated by THREE groups of ELECTORS = The Senate, The Army, The Citizens By voting, these groups could choose a successor and throw an emperor out of office!!!

At its height, the Byzantine Empire had the strongest military in Europe • The Military also had a part to play in politics, making them an important part of the empire. • The Military was divided: –Army for land battles –Navy for sea battles •The Army and Navy both defended and conquered. There were about 120000 soldiers with well-supplied with steel swords, spears and armors. Calvary-on horse-back, supplied with lances and bows. Army had political power, more prone to supporting their empire. For navies, there were about 100-300 sailors per ship and carried secret weapon, greek fire. This was pumped into bronze lion heads mounted on warships and then shot across the enemies. It could not be distinguished just of water, greek fire was probably made of petroleum. The spread of Christianity was to reason to conquer new lands.Monasteries and convents were more made and education increased. Churches becomes the meeting places for communities. Religion is the center of the society. They didn't accept any other religions.

Art and Architecture • Literature/Histories • Mosaics • Religious Art • Hagia Sophia • Monasteries • Imperial Palace • Illuminated Manuscripts



1. The Rubicon River was the boundary where a general had to disband his army before returning to Rome. 2. Pompey didn't stay in Rome to fight Caesar because Pompey had 2 regions when Caesar had 11 regions. 3. Rome was abandoned in January 17, 49BC. 4. Caesar wanted the money from the Senate for defeat Pompey. 5. Caesar got the money from the Senate by forcing 6. After defeating Pompey in Pharsalus, Caesar returned to Rome and made himself emperor. 7. Pompey fled to Egypt and was concealed himself, but got killed in the end. 8. Caesar stayed in power for his life, but only stayed alive for 4 years. 9. Caesar was killed on Ides of March in 44BC by group of senators. 10. The Ides of March has become the name of his assassination.

Two leaders emerged to take control of Roman politics, which were Marc Antony and Caesars adopted son Octavian called Augustus later. Two leaders decides to kill Brutus and Cassius, assassins of Caesar, who were also gathering army in Greece. A new Triumvirate, which means people who hold power and they were Antony, Octavian and Caesar's loyal cavalry commander Lepidus. These people at last defeated their enemies in Philipii and they quickly separated apart. Antony and Cleopatra, allies from Egypt were together and Octavian was alone. Octavian won the battle of Actium, the final civil war between two leaders of who was going to be the first emperor. Cleopatra feared that Octavian will arrest her and send her back to Egypt, she commits suicide. As a result, Octavian became the first emperor under the name of Caesar Augustus.