Tae+Yoon

=1. Fort Sumter- a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederates in April 1861, sparking the Civil War = =2. 3 Events that lead to war- election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln; firing on Fort Sumter; secession of Southern States= =3. secession- the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body= =4. first bull run- (1861) the first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; showed that the Civil War would not be won easily = =5. Stonewall Jackson- American Confederate general, he led the Shenandoah Valley campaign and fought with Lee in the Seven Days’ Battles and the First and Second Battles of Bull Run. = =6. George McClellan- American army general put in charge of Union troops and later removed by Lincoln for failure to press Lee’s Confederate troops in Richmond. = =7. Robert E. Lee- (1765–1815) American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the //Clermont//, which lead to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people. also the confederate major general, head general = =8. 7 Days Battle- June 26, Robert E. Lee **attacked,** **launching a series of clashes known as the** **Seven Days’ Battles** **that forced the Union** **army to retreat from near Richmond.** = =9. Ironclads- a warship that is heavily armored with iron = =10. Anaconda Plan- the North's plan to cut off supplies to the South through naval blockades= =11. Vicksburg- (1863) the Union army's six-week blockade of Vicksburg that led the city to surrender during the Civil War = =12. Shiloh- (1862) a Civil War battle in Tennessee in which the Union army gained greater control over the Mississippi River valley = =13. Emancipation Proclamation- (1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863 = =14. Gettysburg Address- (1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War = =15. Gettysburg- (1863) a Union Civil War victory that turned the tide against the Confederates at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania = =16. Picketts Charge- **In late afternoon, nearly 15,000 men took part in** **Pickett’s Charge**. **For one mile, the Confederates marched slowly up toward Cemetery Ridge. Led by George Pickett.** = =17. William Sherman- American Union army officer, his famous March to the Sea captured Atlanta, Georgia, marking an important turning point in the war. = =18. Wilderness Campaign- (1864) a series of battles between Union and Confederate forces in northern and central Virginia that delayed the Union capture of Richmond = =19. Appomatox- the location where General Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus ending the Civil War = =20. John Wilkes Booth- Assassinated Abraham Lincoln, murderer= =21. Reconstruction- the reuniting of the Union and solving present and future national problems (economical, slavery, etc)= = = = HOW DOES THE CIVIL WAR END? READ 536- 543 AND ANSWER QUESTIONS1-4 (ab). = = 1. a) General Stonewall Jackson died from his wounds at Chancellorsville. = = b) The Union Army lost at Chancellorsville because after General Hooker had split his army and told one part to attack the Confederate forces from the flank while he attacked straight in the center, he (for some strange reason) hesitated and made his soldiers take a defensive position in which if they'd taken an offensive position, they might've won. Meanwhile, while Hooker hesitated, Lee ordered his whole army to attack the Union forces which held firmly for 3 days but gave away later. = = 2. a) The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by President Lincoln, praising the bravery of Union soldiers and renewing his commitment to winning the Civil War. = = b) Geography was important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg because the battlefield was hillsides, with some hill and whoever had the high ground, would definitely win the battle. One of the hills were Little Round Top which enabled the Union forces to fire down upon the Confederates as they slowly marched up the hill and were massacred throughout the process. = = 3. a) The purpose of the Wilderness Campaign was to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. = = b) The capture of Atlanta was an important victory to President Lincoln because it was the time for another round of presidential elections and in order for Lincoln to be re-elected, he needed a grand victory in the Civil War to represent his success. = = 4. a) The events that led to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House were General Sherman closing in on the remaining Confederate forces in North Carolina, while Grant finally broke through the Confederate defenses in Petersburg, chased the running Lee down, and cornered the Confederate troops. Also, the rebels had very low supply levels. Therefore, Lee finally surrendered on April 9, 1865 at the small town of Appottamox Courthouse where he met up with General Grant, who wrote generous terms of surrender for Lee to sign. = = b) The problems that the South faced at the end of the war were that its slaves were free but had no homes or jobs, and that the Southern Economy was in ruins. = = = = __HOMEWORK- WAR IN THE WEST>522-525 ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-3 ON STUDENT PAGE- DUE THURSDAY__ = 1. a) The role that Ulysses S. Grant played in the war in the West was that he was the commander of forces in the Union's Western Campaign. Major battles he drew victories in were the bloody Battle of Shiloh and the Siege of Vicksburg. b) The Battle of Shiloh was important because it enabled the Union Army to gain greater control of the Mississippi River Valley. c) Yes, I think President Lincoln would've approved of Grant's actions in the west because he was already having a hard time arguing with General McClellan about military tactics while Grant was eager for action, attacks, sieges, battles which Lincoln really wanted, either from McClellan or Grant himself.

2. a) The Union took New Orleans thanks to the Union Navy and the brilliant commanding of Admiral David Farragut. Since he knew that they were unable to destroy the two forts defending New Orleans, he decided to just race past them. He disguised the ships as best as possible and made their daring dash in the middle of the night and were attacked on by the forts but eventually got through. As a result, the city fell on April, 29. This was a significant victory because Vickburg was a very important city to the Confederates and Grant therefore quoted at the fall of Vicksburg, "the fate of the Confederacy was sealed when Vicksburg fell." b) Civilians were affected by the Siege of Vicksburg because the Union forces were starving them to surrender, they had to eat horses, dogs and rats, and they also were literally cut off from the outside world and were isolated in the circle of fire (Union soldiers). c) Some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg are: Union has total control of the Mississippi, South is now unorganized they have lost a vital city from under their control, Confederates have a stronger opinion towards surrendering and reentering the Union.

__**//Graphic Organizer//**__ Cause: Rebels jumped on Grant's sleeping camp Battle: Battle of Shiloh Effect: Union Army gained greater control of the Mississippi River Valley.

Cause: Admiral David Farragut and his naval army silently dodge the forts protecting the shores of New Orleans and invade it. Battle: Fall of New Orleans Effect: He sailed up the Mississippi and invaded Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Natchez, and Mississippi.

Cause: Grant and his men cut off the city of Vicksburg from the outside world, unable to gain goods or trade any further. Battle: Siege of Vicksburg Effect: Both civilians and soldiers suffer a whole lot, eventually surrender to Grant. Whole Mississippi River Valley is under the Union's control now. =Why Does the Civil War Begin?--due Monday 5/11/09=

__Key Terms & People__
Missouri Compromise- Missouri wanted to enter the union. The north had banned slavery but the South had slaves, and with Missouri in the middle, they didn’t know what to choose. Eventually, however, Missouri enters the Union as a slaved state. Maine was admitted another state, as a freed state (balance of power). This was the root cause of the civil war. Secession- the act of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body. Compromise of 1850- a series of five bills that were intended to stave off sectional strife. Its purpose was to deal with the spread of slavery to territories in order to keep northern and southern interests in balance. Fugitive Slave Law- one of the Compromises included in the Compromise of 1850. The passage of this Act along with slaveholding rights in Texas allowed California to enter the union as a free state and prohibited the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Uncle Tom's Cabin- written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this book was published on March 20, 1852. This book greatly impacted the way the public viewed slavery in America. Ostend Manifesto- a secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. Kansas Nebraska Act- this act of 1854 allowed the territory of Kansas to decide for itself whether it would be free or slave, a situation known as popular sovereignty. Dred Scott Case- when Dred Scott, a slave, moved with Dr. John Emerson, they returned to Missouri (a slaved state) after living in a free state for a while. When Dr. Emerson died, Scott sued for his freedom and won, contending he was free because he lived in a free state and a free territory for a time. John Brown's Raid- an attempt by a white abolitionist, John Brown, to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. However, it was defeated by a detachment of U.S Marines. Election of 1860- this set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states’ rights and slavery. In 1860 this issue fractures the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and enabling Lincoln and the Republican Party to power.

__Main Ideas-due Monday__
Answers: 1. The significance of the State's Rights Doctrine was that it made clear, the fact that the rights of individual states of America would be protected from the central government. The significance of the Missouri Compromise was that it was the first compromise between the two sides (North and South) on what new states should be accepted as either a free or as a slave state. It also started the very gears of the Civil War to get into motion. The Compromise of 1850's significance was that it too, further delayed the happening of the Civil War from happening anytime sooner than when it was supposed to happen. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was significant because it caused both the Whig and Democratic Party to separate into northern and southern branches; where the northern branches wanted to put an end to slavery while the southern branches were wanting to continue slavery. The Dred Scott Decision was significant because it brought the whole country to a state where they were on the brink of Civil War. Finally, the significance of the election of Abraham Lincoln was that it showed a decrease of power in the Southern states since Lincoln only campaigned in the greatly populated states of the North and became the next president of the free states; therefore needn't the opinion of Southerners to make furter decisions.
 * 1) Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860).
 * 2) Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850.

2. The Compromise of 1850 was used to control and settle down the many disputes the North and South were having over the big topic of slavery. The South was violently, in full support, of continuing the practice of slavery while on the other hand, the North was stronly opposing it- wanted free states. Therefore, to satisfy the wants for both sides, California and Texas were accepted into the Union as free states while other new states were accepted as slavery states. This further delayed the occuring of the Civil War which was soon to come in about a decade, over the many disagreements between the Noth and South.

=**The Monroe Doctrine**= =**Key Terms & People**= April 15, 2009 == 1) Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose. Answer: The major components of the Monroe Doctrine are: 1) Colonization of the Americas were over and that the Western Hemisphere was now off-limits to any future colonization by any foreign powers. 2) The United States will no longer interfere with European affairs. 3) The United States would not interfere with any already existing colonies in either North nor South America, but just recognize them. 4) Henceforth, the United States of America would take any European power's attempt to colonize or interfere with any nation in the Western Hemisphere to be a hostile act. The purpose of the Monroe Doctrine was to refuse the British offer to create an alliance and instead allow the United States to stand on its own two feet and its own principals. ==

2) How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries?
== Answer: It warded off other foreign countries that were thinking of colonizing in the New World, to expand their empire. It also showed America's strong independence and how they were now protecting their country thoroughly so that no unfamiliar intrusions would occur in the future involving any foreign countries. But simultaneously, it was saying that they would still keep the colonies already in the Western Hemisphere untouched but recognized. == == 3) Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory. Answer: Napoleon had recently suffered a humiliating defeat in a slave revolt so he gave up trying to expand his territory in the New World and instead brought his army back to Europe, to fulfill his dream of conquering all of Europe. France was also in a financially unstable state because they were using all of their money on supplying the army so in other words they were eagerly willing to sell the whole of Louisiana to the United States for a mere $15 million. ==

Brown vs. The Board of Education 4/9/09
The famous case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka was to do with, once more, racial discrimination. Oliver Brown, father of Linda Brown who was an african-american third grader, sued a school system in Topeka where his daughter, Linda, attended. He sued the system for being identical to those that only white-americans attended. The reason behind all this was because he believed that the school's system was discriminating against African-American students, in violation of the 14th Amendment of the U.S Constitution. This amendment granted the right for all Americans to equal protection and also education. However, the courts ruling was that Oliver Brown was wrong, they were just doing these kinds of things following time order; education was changing over time. They explained that their ruling was based on todays (at that time) realm of public education. Additionally, the court was obviously applying the 14th Amendment to the same time period they were basing their reasons for their ruling as well. I agree with the ruling of the court because it is speaking the truth. As time goes on, things have to change for the greater good and minor things such as these can't get in the way for a better and more improved future for the court as well as the whole nation. Luckily, after this ruling, segregation began to disintegrate-meaning being slowly forgotten and later completely abolished.

April 8, 2009
1. There are 9 Supreme Court Justices. 2. The Supreme Court is the highest court there is and is also the Judiciary Branch,. It deals with all the big cases such as abortion, bombing, suicide bombing, serial killing, and such. 3. The Judiciary Act of 1789 is THE LAW that created the Judiciary Branch. Judicial Review is when they declare executive laws/orders invalid, according to the Constitution and other major politically-related things. 4. The story was that William Marbury failed to receive the official document that was supposed to be issued to him, making him the justice of peace in the District of Columbia, so he sued James Madison (Secretary of State) to force him to deliver his commission as Justice of Peace but the Supreme Court rejected the petition since it was unconstitutional. This was an important event because it was the very first time the Supreme Court used Judicial Review.

Lewis & Clark Questions 4/1/09 8G Why did Jefferson want to explore the West?
Jefferson wanted to explore the west because of numerous reasons, all focused onto one reason. This very reason was because he envisioned a huge country, all united by a political concept and nothing else. A country stretching from sea to sea, full of fertile land and various other resources. According to an expert, Thomas Jefferson's choice for accepting the Louisiana Purchase was because he was a Virginian Planter. Virginian planters were very wasteful, always seeking acres of new land to farm their cash crops in. And since Jefferson was a virginian planter, it was one of his "things" that automatically made him purchase Louisiana. Which resulted as a huge benefit towards Jefferson and his country, doubling the U.S.

=Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?= Lewis was a man whom Thomas Jefferson trusted the most. The two of them lived in the White House, Lewis in the East Wing and Jefferson in the Presidential Quarters. Both ate dinner together and therefore new each other's minds very well. Lewis Jefferson's hand-picked man for numerous tasks and as a result, was also picked for this tremendously important project. Most importantly, Jefferson TRUSTED Lewis over others. Also, Lewis' own personality was another major reason why Lewis was an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery. He was never too easy on his men, always stayed cool (meaning that he didn't fall into love with anyone he met), and was also a man of of great character, integrity, and truly marvelous insightful leadership.

=What kind of man was William Clark?= William Clark was an old man, well older than his dear companion Lewis at least, and a military man. He was very good at solving problems, he found solutions for basically every single problem that came up. Also, Clark had the special ability to support Lewis and help him win his emotional fights within himself and keep Lewis from losing his good sanity. Clark's force of personality was strong enough to control and handle his informally educated men. He also was a marvelous cartographer and knew how to draw truly specific and terrific maps, making him the ideal choice of Lewis who was his very close friend/acquaintance.

=Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?= Sacagawea was a major figure in the Lewis and Clark Expedition, guiding the group through many rough terrains and harsh conditions. She was truly a fascinating person. Have you ever heard of a teenager who could carry a baby on her back and go across all of the U.S and come back to where they started? Well, apparently Sacagawea is one of these "super-human beings". It is absolutely shocking how a mere teenager like her could have carried a baby on her back and still guide one of the most important expeditions recorded in U.S history. She greatly aided the expedition by being able to communicate with some of the known Indians (Shoshoni) and receive horses and some additional help along the way such as navigating westwards and finding the fastest way there. She also helped Lewis and Clark find food from the wilderness like different kinds of roots that were edible. Her most special ability was that she was able to read the surrounding landscape very well, seeing through rivers and valleys to predict their next move on which way to go and what's going to happen next.

What was life like for York, Clark's black slave, during the expedition?

How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?

What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?

What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?

What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?

Homework-How do Political parties begin? Read Holt-238 to 242 __**Hamilton and Finance**__ then answer Questions 1-3 on page 242 in your student page.Due Monday 3/ 16.

1a) The Economic Problems the new government faced were that they owed $11.7 million to foreign countries and about $40.4 million to U.S. citizens, but were unable to pay any of it back at the moment.

1b) Hamilton was to convince northern members of Congress to move the captial while Madison and Jefferson agreed to gather support in the South for Hamilton's debt plan.

2a) The disagreement Jefferson and Hamilton had over the central government was that while Jefferson wanted to protect the power of the states, Hamilton believed in a strong federal government.

2b) I think, the difference of where each person came from affected their views on the economy because Jefferson came from Virginia and in Virginia is filled with farmers and farms-agricultural area. However, where Hamilton comes from, New York, industry and business is what makes the place so busy and lively. Therefore, Jefferson stood up for the farmers while on the other hand, Hamilton stood for manufacturing and trade.

2c) I agree with Jefferson regarding the average citizen's ability to make decision for the country because a group of people that decide everything that the country does for all the citizens seems wrong to me and the citizens of a country should decide what the place they live in does.and how it works for their daily lives.

3a) Jefferson opposed the creation of a the Bank of the United States because: 1)he thought the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank, 2) Jefferson believed in a strong construction of the Constitution while Hamilton belived in a loose construction of the Constitution.

3b) The difference between loose construction and strong construction of the Constitution is that in a strong construction of the Constitution, the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do while in a loose construction of the Constitution, the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution doesn't specifically forbid.

3c) We should have a loose construction of the Constitution, enabling the federal government to do certain things that is right for the well-being of this country. We should build our own national bank and mint, so we'd be able to make our own kind of money apart from the normal British money we still use till this day.

What role did the electoral college play in **George Washington’s** election to the presidency? 1a) The role the electoral college played in George Washington's election to the presidency was that each of the 11 members representing one of the 11 states that passed the Constitution formed a group, the electoral college, and it represented the people's vote in choosing the president in which everybody agreed to elect George Washington as president John Adams as his vice.

What were some of **Martha** **Washington’s** duties as First Lady? 1b) Some of Martha Washington's duties as First Lady were to entertain guests and to attend social events with her husband, George Washington-which was basically all part of the process to run the presidential household with style.

What **precedent** did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? 2a) Congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy, and the President met with each department head, who advised him.

What was the purpose of the **Judiciary** **Act of 1789**? 2b) It created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts.

What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why? 2c) I think the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is the answer I wrote above for question 2b because it sets the base of the Judicial Branch, they started out with nothing but not they're getting the basics to set up a firm national government.

What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? 3a) The city that served as the first capital of the U.S is New York City because it was basically the heart of the U.S's actions, had a population of over 25000, it represented the spirit of the nation-how busy it was, and to many officials the vibrant city reflected the potential future of the new nation.

What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? 3b) The expectations most Americans had for the new nation were: wanted improved trade, free from too many restrictions, they also expected the government to protect them and to keep the economy stable.

Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. 3c) No, I don't think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States because everything is already moved to Washington D.C and is very fit for the capital city with many famous monuments, as well as the white house, and it would be a very unlikely thing to do at this time, in the middle of a global economic crisis-originated from the U.S.

Critical Thinking-Interactive Graphic Organizer

Washington’s Decisions

Nominated candidates for federal judgeships. Met with the department heads who advised him. Passed the Judiciary Act of 1789. Created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury and Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state. Henry Knox served as secretary of war, and Samuel Osgood was chosen as postmaster general.
 * Acts of Congress**
 * First U.S. Government**

PLEASE WRITE DEFINITIONS TO KEY TERMS AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-5 ON MAIN PAGE. PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEOS AT THE BOTTOM.POST BY MONDAY 2/9

__Definitions of Key Terms__ 1. constitution- a system for government, often formalized into a written document, that establishes rules and principles 2. virginia plan- a new federal constitution that would give sovereignty, or supreme power, to the central government 3. new jersey plan- gave each state an equal number of votes, thus an equal voice, in the federal government

5. Great Compromise- the agreement to create a two-house legislature

7. Electoral College- a body of people representing the states of the U.S., who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president
__Main Idea-Questions__ 1.Should the government's power come from the states or the people? -The government's power should come from the states. 2.Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? -Slaves should be counted as people for determining representation in Congress, not property.

3.Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? -The slave trade should be outlawed and not allowed to continue. 4.Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? -No, a single person shouldn't be allowed to head the executive branch. 5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? -The chief executive (president) should be elected by the people.

Title: Friday’s assignment to be posted by next class. Write an answer to the following question: Besides searching for riches, a shorter route to Asia, and converting Natives, what similarities and differences did the explorers have? Name two similarities and two differences. (Compare and contrast) nnnn Similarities: 1. The glories of being able to find new land for the country those sponsors and supports them and name it themselves or after themselves (joy of pleasing the king or queen of that country) 2. They all seem to have this great ambition to do something great and as a result does something less but when not having such a great ambition they accomplish things that they had never imagined of. Differences: 1. They all started out with different causes of going out to see, different things that inspired them to go out to see and discover. 2. Had different amounts of luck such as dying because of being eaten by cannibals, returning home with nothing but blood on their blades, and etc.