Christine+SY+Kim


 * GREECE**






 * ROME**




 * Rome : Assignment 9 and 10**

//Assignment 9://

- Worksheet.

//Assignment 10://  The culture of the Huns differed from that of the Romans because they grew up without beauty. Their diet is different because they eat tasteless roots and the raw meat of horses. They have no shelter, so they wander about and make make-shift houses out of thatched reeds.  The way of life of the Huns gave them an advantage against the Romans because they grew up tougher. Since they were treated harshly and grew up dirtily, they were used to being rugged.  The "barbarians" moved into the Roman Empire because they began to invade the frontiers of Rome. But others, who took in the Roman ways of life and settled down onto Roman land, actually lived like civilized Romans and were made into Christians. The Huns also made them move in as well.  These invaders took the routes of the Rhine and Danube River and such other routes.  The Romans treated them with innocence. The Romans couldn't stop the invaders from breaking into the frontier because their armies were so weak.  Attila was so feared because he was said to be the most fearful Hun in all of history. He destroyed everything in his path. The eastern provinces of the Roman Empire were initially untouched by the barbarian invasion in the 4c and 5c C.E. because only the western provinces had the internal problems of invasion because of the wealthy people. Perhaps the not-so-rich people lived in the eastern provinces of Rome.
 * 1) In what ways did the culture of the Huns differ from that of the Romans?
 * 1) How did the way of life of the Huns give them an advantage against Rome? How was it a disadvantage?
 * 1) Why did the "barbarians" move into the Roman Empire?
 * 1) What routes did these invaders take?
 * 1) How were they treated by the Romans when they began moving into the Empire?
 * 1) Why was Attila so feared?
 * 1) Why were the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire initially untouched by barbarian invasions in the 4c and 5c C.E.

Assignment 11:

1. Ammianus is is criticizing many of his countrymen because he says that the rich and higher class people only "drag behind them huge numbers of slaves" and think "they could be rewarded after death by being cast as bronze figures that they are even eager to have their statues plated with gold." He is saying that they should not do that because its not good. He explains that the magnificence of Rome is being ruined by these high class people who have not thoughts or concerns about the world.

2. Some people like the people considered higher class in American society today act like the Romans that Ammianus describe because they just think that if they make a statue of themselves, they will become immortal.

3. Ammianus feels that the tax system is to blame for because the tax system weaked and cut the fortunes of the rich and poor people.

4. The taxes were being increased during the 4c C.E. because there were probably many wars going on or there were many attacks from the barbarians.

5. The emperor Diocletian passed laws for setting price limits by controlling the prices and wages. He did this because he that that general welfare could not be protected if he didn't do it and because of the widespread of high prices in the daily life of cities.

6. These measures affected the Roman economy by raise prices when they are low but maximum prices. He said that the there would be a penalty for violating this rule.

7. Edward Gibbon feels that Christianity was to blame for the decline of the Roman Empire because the people abused it. He says that the Roman world became oppressed by tyranny.

8. You would compare Rostovtzeff's arguments to those of Gibbon in explaining the reasons for the fall of the Roman empire because Rostovtzeff explained that Christianity made not only indifferent but hostile to the intellectual achievements of the higher class people, but Gibbon said that the decline of the Roman empire was hasted by the conversion of Rome into Christianity by Constantine. Also, Rostovtzeff said that the Romans became barbarized.

9. The author disagrees with the policies adopted by the Emperor Diocletian because the author explains that Diocletian was a dictator that set the maximum prices and wages, and by doing that many people closed their shops and commerce disappeared. Also, food riots ensued.

10. Zinseer disagreed with some of the preceding interpretations about why the Roman Empire declined adn eventually collapsed because he said that the outbreak of military and war and harmful epidemics wiped out the Roman population.

11. Zinseer supported his own theory by saying that because of the violence in Rome and its neighboring empires, they wore down the power of the Roman Empire. He said that there was constant military acitivity and other such things and that epicemics broke out.

12. I think that Ferrill felt it was the destruction of Roman military power in the 5c that was the reason for the end of the Roman Empire becuase the Roman Empire of the West did fall.

13. The argument that is made by the historian Finley Hooper is that Rome did not fall. It actually just turned into the Medival Ages without any sudden fall. I think that he is incorrect because he does not support his argument well enough and it doesn't even make rational sense that the powerful Roman Empire could just convert that easily into another civilization. That sounds nearly impossible, looking at Rome's size and diversity between each province.

//By: Andrew, Christine SY, Zoey//
 * The Fall of Rome Project**

media type="file" key="Andrew Zoey Christine SY.3gp"

__THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE__

Before the fall of Rome (500 AD), **Rome splits into east and west.** The **east is Byzantine Empire** Origins of Byzantine Empire: **Constantine**, moved the capital of the Roman Empire east to **Constantinople** Rome was **weakening** due to **political troubles, barbarian invasions, and inflation** Byzantium is easy to defend and great for trade Constantinople rise, western capital of Rome sinks The western empire threatens to drag the eastern empire down with it. Wealth and economy: **trade and industry**, coinage - gold coins called //**nomisma**//. Became the standard coin throughout Mediterranean Wealth came from taxes - sales tax, property taxes, income taxes Political organization: Emperor - head of empire - determined **taxes** - controlled **army** - controlled **treasury** - presided over all **festivities** - Head of the **Eastern Orthodox Church** - most //powerful// person in the Empire Checks and Balances: emperor's power was moderated by three groups of **electors** - **senate, the army, the citizens.** - by voting, these groups could choose a successor and throw an emperor out of office (impeach) Military: strongest military in Europe (at its height) The Navy: smaller than army, secret weapon! - **Greek Fire**: was pumped into bronze lion heads mounted on warships and then shot across the water to set enemy vessels on fire. The flames could not be put out with water. Greek Fire was probably made from petroleum products


 * ISLAM**

Response:

1. In what way are the Muslims you see in the photo gallery different? The Muslims are different in the clothes they wear. Some of the little children at school wear turbans and cover their heads with veils. Some of them wear hats. But the two children watching TV don't have to! The little girl watching TV has her hair tied and not veiled and she is wearing "normal" clothes. The little boy watching TV is not wearing a turban and is wearing normal clothes. But the old men in the photo gallery are both wearing turbans, but they look different.

2. What do you think accounts for these differences? Social status in society? Maybe the location of where they live and what type of Islamic sect they belong to accounts for these differences.

 __Assignment 1__ Look at the //World Muslim Population// map in the resources section above and answer the following questions on your student page. 1. What are somethings that didn't surprise you about the information on the map? On thing that doesn't surprise me about the information on the map is the populations of the middle east.

2. Which areas/countries of the world are you surprised have a large Muslim population? I was surprised that N. Carolina had a large Muslim population.

3. Which country has the highest Muslim population? Why do you think this country has the highest population? Indonesia had the highest Muslim population. I think that this country had the highest population because maybe Makkah is located in Indonesia?

4. Why do you think Islam is spread out so much? I think that the Islam religion spread out so much because it became so popular and Muhammad's ideas spread very much.

> > > 1. a. How are monks and monasteries related? Monks and monasteries are related because monks, people who live in isolated areas and study religion, live in monasteries. b. Why did missionaries travel to northern Europe? Missionaries traveled to northern Europe to spread Christianity. Missionaries and popes like Benedict spread Christianity. c. Why do you think monks followed such strict rules? The monks followed such strict rules so that they would not be distracted by outside things and such. Since they have such strict rules, that will give them more time to focus on their religion and study it better.
 * MIDDLE AGES**
 * Middle Ages - The middle ages were the time from 500 to 1500 AD.
 * Medieval - Medieval means "middle", or in between the past and modern ages.
 * Patrick - Saint Patrick was a monk who helped convert the Irish to Christianity. He was kidnapped in Britain and taken to Ireland when he was a teenager, and was forced to be a shepherd. Then, he escaped. He returned to Ireland to spread Christianity.
 * Monks - Monks were religious men who lived apart from society in isolated places. There, monks spent their time in prayer, work, and meditation.
 * Monasteries - Communities of monks.
 * Benedict - European monasteries followed a set of rules created by a monk named Benedict. His code was called the Benedictine Rule, and those who followed it were called Benedictine monks.
 * Charlemagne - Charlemagne was a brilliant warrior and a strong king, and he led the Franks in building a huge empire. He was a Christian king, who conquered parts of the former Roman Empire.
 * Main Idea**//**s**//

2. a. What is Charlemagne famous for? Charlemagne was famous for winning lots of land for Europe. He was also famous for being a great leader and king. He led the army to victory and built many schools in Europe as well. b. What do you think Charlemagne’s greatest accomplishment was? Why? Charlemagne's greatest accomplishment was winning the land for Europe because Europe became bigger and better and even stronger than before. And, in those days, land = money. 3. a. What areas of Europe did the Vikings raid? The Vikings raided Britain, Ireland, and other parts of western Europe b. Why were people in Europe so frightened of Viking raids? People in Europe were so frightened of Viking raids because Vikings could sail their ships up rivers, their raids weren’t limited to coastal areas. They could also reach and attacked cities in the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. That way, they could cause more harm to the people of Europe.



1. Since these barbarian tribes were in the "Dark Ages", do you think they were friendly towards each other? Why or why not? No, I don’t think so because they were fighting for the land. They all were power-hungry and vicious. They all wanted land and power and wealth. 2. One of the tribes we didn't study was called the Merovingians. Who were the Merovingians? (Use source 1 to answer this question.) The Merovingians were not barbarians. They instead settled in homes, and tried to help build up civilization. 3. Who was Clovis and why was his conversion to Christianity important in history? (Use source 2) Clovis was Merovingian King who came to power in AD 481. He was a brutal warrior. He loved bloodshed while at war. Clovis became converted to Christianity fifteen years after taking the throne. He encouraged his people to also convert to this new religion. This was important to history because the Germanic tribes would be critical later in defending Christianity against invading Muslims.
 * Assignment 1 (THE BARBARIANS)**

1. What is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages? The beginning of the Middle Ages is the fall of Rome in AD 476. The beginning of the Middle Ages is also the Dark Ages. 2. What is the Latin name for the Middle Ages? “Medieval” is the Latin name for the Middle Ages. 3. Why do you think the Middle Ages are often called the "Dark Ages"? What was the only hope for people during these difficult times? Middle Ages are often called the Dark Ages because Greece and Rome fell. There were widespread diseases and no one was protected. So life was very hard. Nobody could read and write, and there was no hope for change. The only hope was their strong belief in Christianity. 4. While Europe was in the "Dark Ages", what was happening in the rest of the world? In the rest of the world, the Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa studied and improved the works of the ancient Greeks. Also, civilization flourished in Saharan Africa, China, India, and the Americas. 5. How long did the "Dark Ages" last and what year did they end? The Dark Ages lasted until 1485. 6. What does Renaissance mean and what happened during this time? The Renaissance means “rebirth” and at this time, literature, the arts, and other great things flourished.
 * Assignment 2 (THE DARK AGES)**

1. How did Charlemagne and the Franks turn their kingdom into an empire? In Charlemagne’s leadership, the kingdom controlled by the Franks doubled in size. Charlemagne and the Franks turned their kingdom into an empire by taking control of the Frankish government. 2. What did Charlemagne do to educate people? Charlemagne set up schools around the empire to educate those who couldn’t read or write. 3. How and why did Charlemagne preserve ancient texts? Charlemagne had the brightest scholars of his era to work to preserve ancient texts and records. These scholars copied the writings of the Romans to preserve them for future generations.
 * Assignment 3 (THE FRANKS)**


 * TIME LINE**

Fall of Rome - 476 AD, Middle Ages begin ➞ Barbarians (Ostrogoth, Vandals, Vikings . . .) ➞ Clovis (500 . . .) - King of the barbarian tribe that tries to build a civilization in Germany and France. ➞ Feudalism - Lord, Knights. . . Serfs ➞ Charlemagne - First real king. Organized Europe. ➞ Vikings - Advanced barbarians most feared. ➞ Arthur's Legend - 1000-1300 (High Middle Ages) ➞ Black Death (1350-1500) - 2/3 of Europe's population died. ➞ Renaissance - "rebirth of Europe".


 * KNIGHT RECIPE**


 * COAT OF ARMS**

Like the shields that the chivalrous knights used during the Middle Ages, I created my own coat of arms for my shield as well. On it I drew the shadow of a swan, bright red holly, a dove carrying an olive branch, some leaves, a blue snake, a pink heart, and a human face. The color purple on the top represents sovereignty and justice in real life, but to me this represents much more than that. To me, purple represents peace for the world. I chose red holly to go over the purple coloring because holly represents the truth. I chose to put holly on my coat of arms because truth is something that I would like to seek now until I obtain it in the future. Next, I put a dividing line of yellow to separate the top half of my shield from the bottom half. This yellow line represents generosity, which is an attribute of mine. Bordering my coat of arms is a silvery-gray line because the color silvery-gray represents peace and sincerity, I had this line go around my coat of arms so that everything contained within the coat of arms could be surrounded by peace and sincerity. On the bottom half of the coat of arms, I put my dove, leaves, human, swan, heart, and snake. I decided to put the swan's shadow in the middle because if was one of the most important things to me, harmony. I chose not to make a real living swan and just made a shadow because we cannot truly achieve world harmony. Instead I drew only the shadow or trace of swan, to show that the hope for harmony to be obtained is near. To the left of the swan I drew a dove carrying an olive branch, which is a common symbol of peace as well. The brightly colored leaves represent antiquity and strength.


 * FEUDALISM POWERPOINT**
 * The Feudal and Manorial Systems: governed life and required people to perform certain duties and obligations
 * Fiefs and Vassals: Knights were usually paid for their services with land.
 * Land given to knight for service was called a **fief**
 * Anyone who accepted a fief was called **vassal**
 * Person from whom he accepted his fief was his **lord**
 * Historians call system of exchanging land for service the **feudal system**, or **feudalism**.
 * Feudal Obligations
 * Oath of Fealty
 * Lords, vassals, in feudal system had duties to fulfill to one another
 * Knight's chief duty as vassal to provide military service to his lord
 * Had to promise to remain loyal; promise called oath of **fealty**
 * A Complicated System
 * Lord and Vassal
 * Europe's feudal system incredibly complex
 * Person could be both lord and vassal
 * Some knights with large fiefs gave small pieces of land to other knights, created many other levels of obligations
 * One knight could serve many lords; no prohibition against knight accepting fiefs from more than one noble
 * The Manorial System
 * The feudal system was political and social system. A related system governed medieval economics. This system was called the **manorial system** because it was built around large estates called **manors**.
 * A Typical Manor
 * Most of manor's land occupied by fields for crops, pastures, for animals
 * Daily Life in the Middle Ages
 * //Life in a Castle//
 * Life in Middle Ages was not easy, did not have comforts we have today
 * Early castels built for defennse not comfort
 * Few windows, stuffy in window, cold in winter
 * Life in a Village
 * Life in a castle was preferable to life in a vilage. Families lived in 1-room houses with a rooves made of straw, the floors of dirt, the furniture of rough wood. Open holes in the walls served as windows.
 * Meals: Cooked meals over open fire, brown bread, cheese, vegetables, sometimes meat, no chimneys . ..
 * The Manorial System
 * Serfdom
 * Most peasants on farm were **serfs**, tied to manor
 * Not slaves, could not be sold away from manor
 * But could not leave/marry with permission
 * Free People
 * Manors had some **free people** who rented . ..
 * ASSIGNMENT 6**

__Women of the Middle Ages__ Women of the middle ages were either a peasant girl, noble girl, or a princess. Peasant girls lived a very hard yet boring life of prayer, working on the fief, and taking care of their family. The life of a nobleman's girl was much different. Noble girls were pampered by their servants and seemed to marry at such early ages. Lastly, the life of a princess was much more different than that of the peasant girl and the nobleman's daughter. A princess's life consisted of watching jousts, getting courted at a young age by men of varying ages, and living in a comfortable. One similarity about all of these woman's lives is that they all have troubles. Its not just the peasant girl who has to face troubles, even the princess has conflicts with marriage and suitors.

__Medieval Clothing__ Medieval clothing consisted of mostly loose linen and wool clothes. But everyone's clothing differed depending on their occupation. For example, a monk usually wore tunics that touched the ground. Other men wore wool pants under tunics and wool cloaks. Noblemen had to wear tights under their pants and tunics. Most men wore leather shoes. Just as we do know, women wore different clothes than men in the Middle Ages. Women wore on tunic up to their ankles with woven tights or socks. Nuns wore black and white tunics. Noblewoman wore fancy hats with lots of adornments such as feathers.

F__ood and Drink__ Food such as stews and soups were cooked on a spit with cauldrons hung over a burning fire. Meat was cooked by boiling it in a pot with water. Meat was preserved by salting, smoking, or keeping the animal meat alive until needed. After preserving meat, meat was pounded into a paste with other ingredients added. An example of this is blankmanger, which is a paste of chicken, almond milk, rice, sugar, and almonds. Sauces were made from herbs mixed with wine, water, vinegar, onions, ginger, pepper, saffron, cloves, and cinnamon. On Lent day, people ate salted or smoked herring, salted or dried cod, stockfish, fresh herring pie, mullet, shad, sole, flounder, plaice, ray, mackerel, salmon, pike, crab, crayfish, oysters, eels, and trout. Sturgeon, whale, and porpoise were the seafood delicacies fit for kings and queens.


 * VIDEO NOTES**
 * Europe's economy depended on farming
 * Many threats
 * No sufficient population
 * Not many idea. Couldn't make life better for themselves
 * Catholic church condemned ghost stories
 * Frantic activity during harvest time
 * Everyone worked to make food for them to survive
 * Misery was on commodity
 * 1/4 of newborns died in Middle Ages
 * Children lost parents and parents lost children
 * Life shrouded beneath long shadow of death
 * Monastery: commerce, political authority . ..
 * 730 AD: Bead (monk) is writing 5 volume history of England
 * Bead's work is essential link to European history
 * Bead most educated in Europe
 * Monks were guardians of literary culture
 * Difficult to have education
 * Clergymen literary
 * St. Benedict left Nobility and became of a hermit. He had a power for healing.
 * Everyone sought St. Benedict.
 * St. Benedict was too strict with discipline so other monks plotted to overthrow him
 * Monks tried 2 times to poison Benedict, but failed both time
 * Benedict made his own monastery
 * Will caused you to drive to sin
 * Thousands of men and women went to monasteries to protect themselves from outside world
 * Nuns are unhappy (?)
 * Some people didn't come to monasteries because of their own free will.

During the Dark Ages, monasteries became a huge part of the people's lives because the people wished to escape the threats of the outside world. Because the outside world was full of death and misery, many men and women sought refugee in monasteries. Monasteries were places of literary culture, commerce, political authority, and activity. Monks and clergymen were the guards of literary culture. Monks held this education because it was extremely difficult for commoners to have an education. One of these monks was St. Benedict. St. Benedict came from a noble family, but left to become a hermit. He had an uncanny power for healing of which many people sought him for. He was known to remarkably heal the sick, bring back the dead, and perform god-like acts. Other monks decided to make him the head of the monastery, so he did. However, St. Benedict was too strict with discipline, so the other monks decided to overthrow him. First they tried to poison his water. St. Benedict defied death by praying before he drank, and the cup shattered before he even took a sip. Another time, they poisoned his bread, but once again he defied death when a crow came in and stole the bread. Later, St. Benedict to make his own monastery that believed that one's will cause you to drive to sin.
 * SUMMARY OF DARK AGES VIDEO**

Nothing could stop the powerful barbarians known as the Vikings. The Vikings attacked at sea in search for legitimate wealth and blood thirst. They traveled from North America to Baghdad. They are responsible for opening the doors for economic, social, and political change in the Middle Ages. The Vikings came from the north seas, in modern day Scandinavia. In 1880 in Norway, Norwegian archaeologists made an amazing discovery: how the Vikings lived and died by observing a ship. This was a grave ship, that was buried in the ground as a tomb that was filled with good that the deceased would need in his afterlife. During the late 700s of Norway, the climate was cold and the Vikings lived in clans ruled by leaders. The Vikings relied heavily on cattle for food. Violence flared between the Viking clans due to the increase of the demand for fertile farm land. During these fights, the farmers would raid all they could in one village and attacked the weak. Then, the Vikings set off on their own by building their huge boats. They traveled from Iceland to Greenland in those dangerous water with their strongly and expertly built boats.
 * SUMMARY OF BARBARIAN VIDEO**

Answers: 8. Vocabulary: Canon Law - The body of systems that work to control the affairs of the Christian Church. Sacraments - The rite in which god is uniquely active. Monastery - A house that is used for religious retirement for monks and nuns. Monk - A man who devotes himself to religion and religion only. Abbot - The superior person in an abbey. Nun - A woman who devotes herself to religion and religion only who lives in a convent. Convent - A building where nuns live where they are devoted to religion. Benedictine Rule - These rules are the most important factors in the organization and spread of monasticism in Europe. Law of Primogeniture - The law by which the eldest son of each household would inherit all of the land after his parent's death. Simony - To sell and buy holy orders. Tithe - A tenth part of something that is really small. Peter's Pence - A tax of one penny per household paid in medieval England. "Age of Faith" - A major time during the middle ages where faith and religion became the major power.
 * ASSIGNMENT 9**
 * 1) The Church attempted to enhance the quality of life in medieval Europe by
 * 2) I think that the medieval peasants would support the Church because the Church provided them literary culture, commerce, political authority, and activities.
 * 3) The Church brought an increase in economic stability in Europe by introducing the peasants with some hope for life away from the dangerous outside world. The church gave people hope and something to believe in. The people finally felt as a part of a whole: the church.
 * 4) The feudal manor and the monastic community were similar because . ..
 * 5) Some of the problems that arose in the medieval churches were that they fought over who would be leader.
 * 6) The Church provided more order in society.
 * 7) A bishop or abbot could be a feudal lord as well.
 * The view of medieval society that is expressed in this document is that it is made of many parts that depend on one another.
 * The deadliest of sins is to seek more greed.
 * Pope Innocence III believes that the church has more powerful than kings and other secular rulers because he says that "the greater rule the day".
 * The Church needed protection in 11c because there is a war going on.
 * They feared that if they became part of the feudal system, they could lose power.
 * The religious life had such a great appeal at this time in history because it was a new reformation of life that gave easy entrance to new thoughts.
 * Yes.
 * Benedict's reasons for not allowing a monk to change his mind and leave the cloister once vows have been taken are that one must not leave the monastery.
 * They both have prisons, latrines, kitchens, houses, etc.
 * The monastery also served as a prison.
 * The life of a medieval monastery is very repetitive and looks quite boring.
 * The summer schedule would differ from the different one because there are shorter days in winter than summer.
 * The results of being excommunicated from the Catholic Church is an eternal curse for the country and individual.
 * Personal freedoms are limited by church doctrine and outlook by expelling the individual who performs such personal freedoms.