Deborah

FINAL QUIZ STUDYGUIDE
 * 1) Fort Sumpter: the first battle of the war, South attacks Fort Sumpter, South Carolina
 * 2) 3 events that led to war: Fort Sumpter, Election of President Lincoln (against slavery), Succession of the southern states, John Brown's Raid, Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * 3) Secession: South separated from the Union due to their contrasting beliefs on slavery
 * 4) First Bull Run: Near Richmond, Takes place in Manassas, Virginia, Jackson leads to the victory of the war by staying as a defense line before more armies come to help
 * 5) Stonewall Jackson: important Confederate general, wins the First Bull of Run, Second Bull Run
 * 6) George McClellen: Northern general who led the army cowardly, hesitated too much
 * 7) Robert E Lee: Very important general, He won lots of battles, 7 days of battle
 * 8) 7 Days Battle: Near Richmond, Confederate Wins, Lee vs. McClellen, McClellen hesitated too much,
 * 9) Iron clads: ships made by the iron, advantage in North (economical advance)
 * 10) Anaconda Plan: Plan of the North to strangle South economically
 * 11) Vicksburg: Union wins, South had no supplies and armies, won by cutting down the supply lines for the civilians and the soldiers in there
 * 12) Shiloh: Union wins in Tennessee, Led by Grant,
 * 13) Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln made all the slaves free
 * 14) Gettysburg Address: important speech made by Lincoln that gave encouragements to the soldiers and reminded the people the reason why they were fighting
 * 15) Gettysburg: Union wins, South had no supplies and armies
 * 16) Picketts Charge: During the Gettysburg, Confederate General who led the South armies to fight against the North
 * 17) William Sherman: Took in charge of the west part of the South, took over Savannah, Atlanta (important economical cities), South's anger intensified, Sherman was ruthless and pitiless
 * 18) Wilderness Campaign: Grant's plan to take over the capitol of the Confederates, RIchmond
 * 19) Appomatox Courthouse: Lee surrender to Grant, Grant & Sherman attacks AND little amount of money and supplies led to the breakdown for the South
 * 20) John Wilkes Booth: killed Lincoln
 * 21) Reconstruction: long recovery that took place for the Union

HOW DID THE WAR END 1a) What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? General Stonewall, one of the best general in the South, died from getting shot by his own soldier at Chancellorsville. 1b) Why was the Union defeated at Chancellorsville? The Union army was led by two generals, Burnside and Hood. First, with General Burnside, the Union lost because they lost too much time when crossing over the Rappahonnock River. This gave the opponents enough time to get ready and form a strong defensive line. Unfortunately, the second general, General Hood couldn’t take over Fradricksburg either. Originally, he had a good scheme; he planned to divide his army into half and attack from the enemy’s sides. However, he hesitated at the last moment and soon changed his plans right before the battle. He made half of the army to stand as a defensive line in the near by city called Chancellorville. However, this didn’t work, and the general ended up being forced to retreat. 2a) What was the Gettysburg Address? It was a public speech made by President Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg which gave commendation to the ones who bravely fought and encouragements to the fellow citizens. This speech also reminded the people the main reason why they were fighting in this war. 2b) Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? Both sides paid great attention to the geography because it greatly impacted the battle. Places such as Big Round Top, Culp’s Hill, and Cemetery Hill were located on the high grounds. Both the North and the South had their eyes on these places because from the hills, they could easily fire down at their opponents and easily get them. 3a) What was the purpose of the Wilderness Campaign? General Grant was planning to take over the capitol of the Confederates, Richmond, and end the war. 3b) In what ways was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for the President? When Grant failed to capture Richmond from the South, lots of people in the Union were frustrated by the length of the war and the damages from the war. But when Sherman took over South’s one of the most industrialized city, Atlanta, the people started to gain hope and began to think that they could possibly win after all. 4a) What events led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse? General Sherman’s (Northern general) seize over important industrialized cities in the South (Atlanta and Savannah) was one of the main events that led to the surrender. Also, Grant finally broke through the Confederate defense at Petersburg and forced Lee’s army to retreat from Richmond. And when Lee’s army gets surrounded by Grant’s army, he found the situation completely hopeless. These major events soon led to Lee’s surrender. 4b) What problems did the South face at the end of the war? The South had lots of casualties from the war, and major damage in industries and plantations. Also, since most of the battles were fought in the South, many of the towns were burnt or completely ruined. Lots of civilians were also had lots of loss from the war. CIVIL WAR MOVIE NOTES 2 1. Robert E Lee is the head general in the south 2. McClellen 3. Battle of Bull Run 4. Second bull run 5. Battle of Antietam 6. Battle of Fredricksburg
 * willingness to take risks
 * great character
 * morality
 * fought in the battle of the seven days
 * great general but not didn't prefer taking risks
 * too cautious and deliberate
 * views his army as a last reserve for the union
 * during the battle of bull run he seeks towards the York River
 * This gave time for the south to approach towards the north
 * He failed not because he didn't have the resource he failed because of fear
 * McClellen could've won, but he was scared
 * south wins
 * south decides to invade Washington
 * 8000 people died

OTHER STUFFS IN THE QUIZ 1. Emancipation Proclamation: 1863, Lincoln frees the slaves - before: just tolerating the slaves // now: slavery abolished 2. Gettysburg Address: Lincoln's speech after the battle of Gettysburg SECTION 3 BATTLES IN THE WEST 1. a) WHat role did Ulysses S. Grant play in the war in the west? Ulysses S. Grant took hold of many Confederate's forts and territories such as Vicksverg and Shiloh. Thanks to him, the Union took the majority of the victories out in the west. Although he wasn't so interested in defense, he was exceedingly good at offense, in attacking the opponents and taking over more and more territories. 1. b) Why was the Battle of Shiloh important? The battle was important because the Union's victory in Shiloh gave the Union more control of the Mississippi River. This was very beneficial to the Union because they could cut down the supply lines, communication (telegraph), and transportation (train) between the east and the west Confederacy. 1. c) Do you think President Lincoln would have approve of Grant's actions in the west? Why or why not? I think he would have approved of Grant's actions in the west. Unlike General McCellen from the east, Grant was very decisive and bold. He was bold and restless who preferred offense than defense. Therefore, he was able to take away all the victories and get even with the South from all the defeats in the east. He was a much better leader and a general than General McCellen. 2. a) How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? General Farragut brought his navy through the Gulf of Mexico to destroy one of the biggest city in the south, New Orleans. He ordered his wooden ships to be covered in chains to protect them like ironclads. Not only that, he made the ships to be covered with mud and wooden sticks to disguise them. Then, at night, he led an unexpected attack towards the shore and began to fire. The city quickly fell apart, and the North took the victory. This was an important victory for the North because they just took over one of the biggest city in South and also the Mississippi river that acted as an important transportation source for the armies. 2. b) How were civilians affected by the Siege of Vicksburg? The people living in the city were starving along with the confederate soldiers because General Grant had cut down all the food supply lines that went to the city. Because of this, the civilians had to suffer along with the soldiers. 2. c) What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg? People would start to believe that the North might win the war after all. One other possible result would be that the army controlled by General Grant will be in control of most of the western territories. Also, General Grant would earn even more reverence and awes from the North; he would become an idol in the Union where they are all hoping that the war would end. CIVIL WAR MOVIE NOTES 1
 * 1) The early years
 * modern industrialized war - very deathly, bloody
 * Union: blue, South: grey
 * ended up to be one of the bloodiest war in man history
 * After the Fort Sumpter, when the southern soldiers fired on the union soldiers, people became really fired up
 * North thought this was treason, betray => felt anger, indignation
 * At first only seven states were slave states, but after the Fort Sumpter, 4 more states join -> became the Confederates
 * Richmond, Virginia was the capitol of the Confederates
 * Robert E. Lee was one of the famous general in the South
 * he was actually assigned to be
 * he was native to Virginia
 * Couldn't stand fighting against his own slave state people
 * South had most of the good generals
 * Many joined the army thinking that it wouldn't take too long and for glory and success
 * South had to prevent itself from getting subdued by the North
 * North had to subdue the southern states and make them come back
 * North had vast population, technology,
 * South was fighting for its own belief, for its own sake, while North was fighting only to maintain the Union and its principle
 * 1) Bull Run, Monassas
 * Only 70 miles away from Richmond, South Capitol
 * Lots of railroads, transportation
 * Surprise to everyone in both sides
 * All south retreated except for Stone Wall Jackson
 * More South soldiers came and the south won
 * the north retreated
 * however the south was too tired to go take over the Washington
 * the war was a chaos
 * 4500 people killed & hurt
 * july 21 1861
 * people found out that this was going to take a long time
 * George B McCellen becomes the general of the north
 * North had many problems in finding good generals
 * 1) Navy
 * South& North began making Ironclads who could beat hundreds of wooden ships
 * "Moniter" First modern Warships : had bullets and weapons on the ship
 * North had industrialized base, could build anything
 * South had one "Merymack"
 * North had better chance of winning
 * 1) In the west
 * Ulysis S Grant : important north general
 * took over the victories in some of the western territories
 * takes over Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Nashville, in Tennessee and Kentucky
 * 1) Battle of Shiloh
 * Took place in Shiloh in the eastern Tennessee
 * bloodiest battle up to point
 * Unexpected battle against the Union
 * The confederates surround the Union soldiers
 * Luckily more union soldiers come from the other territories that Grant had captured
 * Thousands of injuries, deaths,
 * Victory for North
 * incredible improvements in medicine and human biology
 * April 6, 1862
 * 1) Baton Rouge, New Orleans taken by North
 * 2) Jackson
 * wasn't afraid to take risk
 * brilliant practioner

BATTLES IN THE EAST 1)a. Identify What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? Battle of Fort Sumpter that took place in 1861 triggered the war b. Contrast How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? Union's strategy was to make the Confederacy to give up trying to secede from the country by the following two strategies: Blocking the port in Charleston to block the its trading and taking over the Mississippi River to divide up the land in the south. However, the strategy of the Confederacy is to just protect its own land and wait till the north gives up and goes back to their territory. c. Evaluate Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer. I think the Union is best prepared for war because the Union has more soldiers ready, more advantage in transportation and communication thanks to the railroads and telegraphs, better weapons, and much more money. 2) a.Describe How did women take part in the war? Women took part in the war by helping the soldier cure themselves by giving them medicines, preparing clothes and food, and so much more. b.Summarize In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war? Both of the sides had armies composed of people like shoemakers, farmers, and factory workers. Therefore, most of them had no experience in fighting in war. Also, there were all short in resources. c. Elaborate Why did men volunteer to fight in the war? Most northerners volunteered to fight for their principle and to prevent their country from breaking apart. They mainly joined because of their patriotism. Many young men joined for glory and action. The southerners volunteered because they wanted to kick the northerners off of their land and gain the right to secede from the Union so they can continue holding slaves. 3) Comparing and Contrasting Review your notes on the preparations for war by the North and the South. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to show the strengths and weaknesses of each side in the war. WAR BEGINS 1)a. Identify List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. The first battle was called the first battle of bull run which came out to be Confederate’s victory. After that, it was seven days battle and second battle of bull run which also turned out to be the Confederate’s victory. But during the battle of Antietam, the Union took the victory. b. Elaborate Why do you think the Union lost the First Battle of Bull Run? The Union lost it because they became too weary before they could defeat the rebels. Also, they couldn’t even retreat fast enough because all the spectators with their fancy wagons were blocking their ways. 2)a. Describe What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the Battle of Antietam? The mistake was that the Confederacy had too much of a step from protecting its own land to going over to the north and trying to attack their land. It turned out to be the bloodiest war in US history. b. Analyze What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? The North won the battle, and this stopped the South from continuing moving northward. Both sides had huge casualties, leading this battle to the bloodiest war in US. c. Elaborate Why do you think General George B. McClellan did not finish off General Robert E. Lee’s troops when he had the chance? He thought the South was going to counterattack, and in order win, he divided his army into four groups and waited. But the South never counterattacked, and therefore, he lost his change to attack the men. 3) a. Describe What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? The Union wanted to block the ports and prevent trading to take place between the south and other places. They knew that this will definitely bring some hardships to the North. b. Draw Conclusions Why were ironclads more successful than older, wooden ships? Ironclads were more successful because they included all the heavy armors which they could use to destroy other ships. Also, they were made of iron so they were hard to be knocked down. NOTES ON PRESENTATION- ABOUT BUILDING UP TO CIVIL WAR PRESIDENTS
 * 1) Texas Annexation
 * Texas originally ruled by Mexico
 * Empresarios
 * Mexican government encouraged people to move to Texas
 * later people in Texas didn't want to be part of Mexico
 * wins Mexican war and separates from Mexico (Mexico's general was Santa Maria)
 * Steven Austin- hero for Texas
 * Wanted to be part of US
 * US wanted Texas to be part of them - cotton
 * 1) Industrial Revolution
 * 18th - 19th century
 * started in London, England
 * mechanized products were made
 * many factories, mass production form
 * technics were made
 * interchangeable parts
 * railroads, canals made for better transportation
 * Samual Slaiter memorized the textile production technics and came to US
 * change from agricultural economy to Industry factories
 * occurs in the North
 * 1) Mexican American War
 * War against Mexico
 * Polk is President
 * Why does US want war..? to gain more war,knows it will win, manifest destiny
 * Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo- ends war
 * US gets New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, California- for agricultural
 * 1) Technological Advances
 * made life easier
 * development of transportation- steamboat, railroad,...
 * coal- coal mining industries, used for heating homes
 * steel- used for building machines and railroads
 * logging industry
 * telegraph - communication
 * Samual Morse (Morse codes)
 * photography
 * water power -> steam power
 * 1) Trails to the West
 * first ones were fur trappers - traded beaver & other fur
 * early 1800's
 * settlers, pioneers or gold seekers come cut on "The Oregon Trail"
 * 1) Movements to end slavery
 * Abolitionists- to get rid of slavery
 * usually from north, educated, financially well of
 * the main reason for civil war: people disagreed on morality of having slaves
 * WHY?
 * They wrote pamphlets "Uncle Toms Cabin"
 * Fredrick Douglas, Soujourner Truth, former slaves who spoke out
 * underground trail road- Harriet Tubman
 * 1) Gold Rush
 * Oregon Trail, California Trail
 * James Marshall- finds gold in Suther's mill, Gold Rush begins
 * Woman & Children = 5%
 * attracted many many around the world came - Mexican, Chinese people
 * foreign comers were taxed
 * thousands of chinese people came
 * cities like San Francisco were made
 * who got rich? merchants from shops and maloons
 * what actually happened?
 * 1) Mormons
 * members of Church of Jesus Christ
 * founded by Joseph Smith "God has spoken to him"
 * wrote book of Mormons
 * 1830 in New York
 * in Book of Mormons can have more than one wives
 * many disfavored Mormons
 * left to create communities in the west
 * settled in present day Utah where it prospers
 * 1860 - 80000 Mormons in Utah
 * 1) Slavery
 * Plantations- field slaves, house slaves
 * bought and sold in auctions
 * families separated
 * slave culture- Christian, music (blues, jazz)
 * slave Uprisings- Nat Turners Rebellion
 * Slave Torture
 * 1) Franklin Pierce
 * 14th president
 * Northern Democrat
 * 1853- 1857
 * Everyone knew him, and thought he would bring peace to the US
 * wife Jane, 3 children who all died in youth
 * charming
 * alcoholic
 * deferential
 * indecisive manager
 * death of his vice president
 * Pierce was informed by Douglas that he was working on Kansas Nebraska Act (Popular Sovereignty on deciding free/ slave
 * Led to Bleeding Kansas
 * Douglas forces Pierce to do it "bullied" "weak"
 * Triggers Abraham Lincoln to be against slavery, creates Republican
 * Pro-slave people burnt Lawrence, Abolitionists' territory, in Kansas during the election time
 * 1) James Buchanan
 * 15th president
 * 1857- 1861
 * Democrat
 * hastened the going of Civil War
 * Near treason
 * never married
 * generous
 * procrastinator
 * engaging
 * consensus seeker
 * pro-slavery, too much of a pro southerner
 * northern thought that he was forcing them to support slavery
 * At the very end, the southerners succeed
 * South Carolina decides to succeed from the US in Fort Sumpter and ask for other southern states to do the same which they did
 * Jefferson Davis became the president of the confederate states
 * 1) Abraham Lincoln
 * 16th president
 * republican
 * from Illinois
 * 1861- 1865
 * true abolitionists, true unionist
 * One nation, indivisible, and justice for all
 * wanted to restore the peace and put the country together, but couldn't
 * wife Mary, 3 children
 * excellent sense of humor
 * liked to be photographed
 * obsessed with military strategy
 * decisive manager
 * wonderful writer
 * went through depression and great sadness
 * nickname: Honest Abe
 * truth seeker
 * not very looking
 * came from humble beginnings, working man
 * reserved the ultimate decisions for himself
 * Robert Anderson sends letters saying that they need provisions
 * Jefferson Davis orders to attack Fort Sumpter, and the Civil War begins

IN THE 1800S EXPANSION AND TENSION Key Terms
 * Missouri Compromise: This compromise was made by Henry Clay in 1820 which made Missouri a slave state while making Maine a free state. This temporally settled the disputes that took place between the abolitionists who wanted more free states and the southerners who favored slavery.
 * secession: It is an act of separating from a country, in this case, from the Union. The southerners wanted to do so during the middle 1850s because of slavery issues.
 * Compromise of 1850: This was made by Henry Clay that was passed to also temporally settle the disputes between the abolitionists and people who favored slavery. Compromise of 1850 made California a free state, but for the rest of the territory in Mexico Cession being a free state or a slave state became dependent on popular sovereignty. Not only that, the compromise stated that Texas was to give up the territories east of Rio Grande in return of the national government paying all of its debts. Also, slave trade was now forbidden in the capitol of the Union, but fugitive slave laws were to be passed.
 * Fugitive Slave Law: Fugitive Slave Law gave power to the southerners and the commissioners in the southern state. It was now forbidden for the slaves to escape from their slave owners, and if they did they were sent to the trial where their fate were to be decided. Also, the commissioners were allowed to arrest the ones who did or the ones who helped them get away. They also got more salary from helping the slave owners to catch their slaves instead of rejecting their claim.
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin: It is the title of an antislavery book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It spoke out powerfully against the slavery and altered many people's ideas about slavery.
 * Ostend Manifesto: It was a secret document written in 1854 by U.S diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to get Cuba from Spain. It was intended to be secret.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act: This act was passed by Douglas which gave the rights to the voter in Kansas and Nebraska the choice to be in a free state or in a slave state. This brought some unhappy consequences in the Union and made the relationship between the slave states and the free states even worse.
 * Dred Scott Case: The case was made by Dred Scott who sued the federal government. He followed his slave owner, an army surgeon, when he was going to St. Louis for tours of duty. After several days of this trip, the owner died and the slave became the slave of the owner's widow. He thought he ought to be free since he was recently living in a free state, and decided to sue the government. The lower court thought that he deserved freedom, but the Supreme Court turned him down by saying that African American has no right to sue the government and therefore not allegeable for gaining his freedom.
 * John Brown's Raid: An abolitionist man from Massachusetts who were angers by Sack of Lawrence and soon took off to Kansas to lead a fight against the pro-slavery people. During what is known as Pottawamie Massacre, he and his men killed five pro-slavery people. This made the relationship between the pro-slavery people and abolitionists even worse.
 * Election of 1860: Tensions between the free states and the slave states still remained during the election of 1860. New political parties appeared by this time: Constitutional Union and Republican. Constitutional Union were groups of people who believe they should only look upon to the Constitution and no other political ideas. They chose John Bell as their candidate. Republicans believed in abolishing slavery. They chose Lincoln as their candidate. The democrats were broken up to northerners and southerners during this election due to sectionalism. The northern Democrats picked Douglas as their candidate while the southern Democrats picked Breckinridge. The Republicans won this election by having the most electoral college votes and the most in popular vote, and Lincoln became the 16th president of the U.S. Although he didn't win any of the states in the slave territory, he still won the election. This showed the Americans that the free states had more power than the slave states.

Main Ideas The Missouri Compromise is important because it proved how tense it was between the pro-slavery people and the abolitionists in gaining more people on their sides. Also, this compromise defined where the slave state will be and where the free state will be. The Compromise of 1850 temporally settled the disputes taking place between the free states and the slave states. This compromise made both of the sides happy by making fugitive slave laws for the southerners and making California as a free state for the northerners. Although it was just for short amount of time, this was a great compromise which satisfied both sides. Kansas Nebraska Act was significant because this worsened the relationship between the opposite sides. Because of all the disputes and fights that took place between the pro-slavery people and the abolitionists such as Sack of Lawrence, the wall between the sides became even thicker. Dred Scott Decision was important because this showed how limited power the African American had in the Union. Although they were the center of the slavery problem during the middle 1800's they didn't have much power to do anything about it. Also, the decision made by the Supreme Court to not give Dred Scott the freedom he hoped greatly angered the abolitionists. Also, the Supreme Court lost some of its popularity by the abolitionists. The ones stated above brought a huge long-term effect, the Civil War.  Slavery issue was brought up very often when annexing Texas and California to the Union. As the U.S expanded more and more towards the west, and as more and more tensions grew between the pro-slavery people and the abolitionists, more people got interested in adding more states to their own sides. The abolitionists wanted more free states and the pro-slavery people wanted more slave states. They thought adding more states will give their sides more power to say what they believe in, in this case, about slavery. Therefore, both sides struggled very hard and wen t through many fights and disputes to take Texas and California in their sides. Disputes were soon solved by the Compromise of 1850 when Douglas stated that California should be free state and Texas as slave state.
 * 1) Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860).
 * 1) Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850.

PRESIDENT 11-13th
 * 1) James Pulk
 * 11th
 * democrat
 * 1845-1849
 * from Tennessee
 * Pledged to finish the work that Andrew Jackson had started
 * more of a Jacksonian than Jackson is
 * wife Sarah- no children
 * workaholic
 * accessible
 * devious (backstabber)
 * micro-manager
 * most accessible president in the US history
 * does see himself as the servant of the people
 * fulfilled America's Manifest Destiny
 * American's destiny to expand westward
 * 1) wanted to take over the Oregon Territory-still known as the unknown territory
 * threatened Britain to have war with Britain (49th parallel)
 * 2) wanted to bring California into the states - will be some conflicts w/ other countries
 * went to war with Mexico 1846-1848 to gain Texas & Southwest territories
 * 3) fix the bank
 * made independent treasurer
 * 4) lower taxes for trading
 * 1) Tensions between North and South as territories were acquired
 * North is more populous, industrial, educated
 * South has plantations, cotton fields & needs slave labor
 * 1) Zachary Taylor
 * 12th
 * Whig
 * 1849-1850
 * Mexican War hero - helped to win lots of land
 * parties came to him and wanted him to be the president
 * sided with the southern parts
 * wife- Margaret
 * 4 children
 * slovenly
 * poor speaker
 * never registered too vote
 * relaxed manager
 * not the best presidents
 * Washington insighter
 * strongly influenced in cabinets
 * believed that Congress had more power than he himself
 * left them to decide on the slavery
 * didn't veto
 * Compromise of 1850 - California is a free state
 * but the southerners don't like it
 * think about succeeding from the country
 * Taylor decide to hang them
 * Taylor died - no signs of fowl play,
 * 1) Millard Fillmore
 * 13th
 * Whig
 * 1850-1853
 * wife- Abigail
 * 2 children
 * modest
 * amiable
 * acid reader
 * delegated authority
 * was a northerner
 * hands off manager
 * fire all of Taylor's cabinet
 * signed Compromise of 1850
 * supported slavery
 * believe abolition would collapse economical system - from cotton % plantation
 * slavery protected by the constitution
 * abolitionist: person from the north that wants to abolish slavery

PRESIDENTS 8-10th
 * 1) Martin Van Buren
 * democrat 1837-1841
 * ultimate politic machine, political builder, but didn't turn out so well
 * widower - 4 children
 * father of the Democratic party
 * elegant dresser
 * witty
 * poor decision maker
 * thought as the man who had golden faucets and perfumed his whiskers
 * had to face the bankrupt and economical crises,
 * price of cotton collapsed-> economy collapsed
 * tries to build up the decisions to revive the bank
 * he was bound to lose, the wigs might've won
 * political parties start to formulate their ideas
 * not a great president
 * 1) William Henry Harrison
 * whig, 1841
 * symbol of his campaign: log cabin, english horse,
 * used slogans and songs to win the election
 * wife Anna, 10 children
 * last president born a British subject
 * only pre-med president
 * unpretentious
 * consensus seeker
 * thought to be too old
 * made the longest inauguration - 2 hours
 * 31 days later he dies from a cold that he got in his inauguration
 * first and last to die in his office
 * the vice president became the president
 * 1) John Tayler
 * Whig, 1841-1845
 * believed in state rights, thought too much power was in the national park (thought like Thomas Jefferson
 * wives Letecia, Julia- 15 children
 * stubborn
 * aloof (hard to pinpoint what he was thinking)
 * aristocratic
 * independent leader
 * Whigs passed two laws authorizing the new national bank, but vetoesd by Tyler
 * Whigs held a meeting which they expelled Tyler from their party
 * Tyler became without a party
 * he tries to annex, capture Texas (Texas broke away from Mexico, and became a nation, want to be annexed)

TEST STUDY GUIDE ON BEGINNING OF THE NEW US
 * 1) concepts (what it was and significance)
 * 2) alien sedition acts
 * 3) lewis clark
 * 4) louisiana purchase
 * 5) war of 1812
 * 6) monroe doctrine
 * 7) political parties
 * 8) andrew jackson's presidency
 * 9) people
 * 10) john adams
 * 11) napolean
 * 12) tecumsah
 * 13) 1-7 presidents name and facts about them
 * 14) misc
 * 15) supreme court
 * 16) marbury vs madison, brown

THE 6th and 7th PRESIDENTS
 * 1) John Quincy Adams
 * electoral college
 * democratic republican
 * 1825- 1829
 * wanted to explore the western
 * wanted to fund education, roads
 * doesn't get to do it
 * unable to manage the politics
 * left few accomplishment
 * wife Louisa - 2 children
 * humorless
 * superb mind
 * arrogant
 * inflexible manager
 * people thought he got in by cheating (by Henry Clay)
 * irritated by Jacksonians
 * ran for another term but Andrew Jackson won by a brutal campaign
 * attacked Rachel, Jackson's wife, during campaign
 * what Adams said about Jackson was true, what Jackson said about Adams was lie
 * Rachel dies, blow to Jackson
 * didn't like getting defeated
 * became the house of rep in massachusetts
 * lead in fighting against slavery
 * first president to take picture
 * 1) Andrew Jackson
 * 7th president
 * democrat
 * 1829-1837
 * from Tennessee
 * knew what he wanted to do, and did it
 * wife Rachel - no children
 * cantankerous (intimidating, hard to get known to )
 * iron-willed
 * fighter for the people
 * intimidating manager
 * known as the man of the people
 * either love him or hate him
 * first to be born in a log cabin
 * chewed tobacco, gambler, had guns with him
 * knew how to use his temper to manage people
 * created spoiled system, hired his friends, fired the enemies
 * great sympathy for Peggy Eatons because of what happened to his wife
 * asked the cabinets wife to accompany her, but didn't so fired all of tehm
 * 4-5 people went through each of his cabinets
 * Indian Removal Act of 1830, first act to be passed through his administration
 * Cherokee and several tribes to west of Mississippi River
 * Cherokee put them to the court, and the supreme court thought it was unconstitutional
 * but Jackson didn't care and he did it anyway
 * Trail of Tears
 * southern planters
 * democratic republic-> democrats
 * picture of jackass = donkey is the mascot of the democrats
 * made it clear that he was in charge, union wasn't going to break apart
 * bank war began in 1832 when congress led by henry clay tried to make jackson pass"bank bill"
 * waging war against nicolas beetle, jackson vetoed the bank bill
 * he crushed clay and ordered the treasury sec to make the national bank into the state bank
 * the first two treasury sec didn't do it, but the third treasury sec did it
 * the first only president to be sentered expunged
 * he closed the national bank
 * took the constitution and bent it in to his own will, shook the presidency to make it strongest of the three
 * gave more power to himself with force

THE FIRST 5 PRESIDENTS LECTURE: THE NEW NATION 1789-1830
 * 1) Alien Sedition Act: (1798)
 * 2) DEF: Act given my John Adams forbidding the press to say anything bad about himself
 * 3) SIG: declared it unconstitutional; violates the first amendment
 * 4) Louisiana Purchase: (1803)
 * 5) DEF: Napolean, the king of France, sells huge amount of land to U.S for $ 15 million.
 * 6) SIG: doubled the size of U.S ; created a movement west
 * 7) Lewis & Clark: (1804)
 * 8) DEF: 2 captains who explored the Missouri River to Pacific Ocean, commissioned by Thomas Jefferson
 * 9) SIG: Mapped the west (Topography) ; established relationship w/ Indians (Sacajuwea, Hunt...), Discovery of animals and plants, dispelled the rumors that there were prehistoric age
 * 10) Politician Parties: (start 1800)
 * 11) DEF: group of people who believe in the same political idea
 * 12) SIG: Federalist (strong national government, urban, north), Democratic-Republic (strong state government, slavery, agrarian, south)
 * 13) Federalism
 * 14) National Government and state government share power and work together
 * 15) War of 1812: (1812)
 * 16) DEF: fought between US and Britain;
 * 17) SIG: it was a draw but US actually won (mr.c), National Anthem made by Francis Scott Key, US a force in the world, Patriotism
 * 18) Monroe Doctrine: (1823)
 * 19) DEF: Europe is forbidden to come to the Western Hemisphere for establishment, US won't disturb the foreign colonies
 * 20) SIG: American foreign policy made
 * 21) Andrew Jackson & Indian Removal: (1828)
 * 22) DEF: 7th president, establish Indian Removal
 * 23) SIG:
 * 24) Missouri Compromise:
 * 25) DEF: slaves or no slaves, later come as a slave state, but main come as a free state
 * 26) SIG:
 * 27) First 7 Presidents
 * 28) George Washington F (1783~)
 * 29) John Adams F
 * 30) Thomas Jefferson DR
 * 31) James Madison DR
 * 32) James Monroe
 * 33) John Quincy Adams
 * 34) Andrew Jackson

MONROE DOCTRINE & LOUISIANA PURCHASE 1. definition - monroe doctrine: - louisiana purchase: Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory in the west side of America for 15 million dollars. He planned to expand more for better trading, more resources and more land. 2. the questions - Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose. First, he stated that colonization of America was over for the foreign countries. Also, he warned Europeans that any attempt to extend their political system into the western hemisphere was a threat to the US. Secondly, he said that U.S will not interfere with existing European colonies in both South and North America and will not involve in European affairs. Early roots of what would become a key part of American foreign policy, - How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries? Although this didn't really affect a lot during that time since there was no strong army back in U.S to enforce the doctrine, this became the early roots of what would later become a key part of American foreign policy. But this doctrine helped the U.S to remain neutral during conflicts between the European Countries and expand its territories without getting concerned of how other countries would react. - Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory. During the time of Jefferson's presidency, Napoleon, the French king had just gained back the Louisiana Territory from Spain. He was planning to settle in the new world and expand as what the United States had done. Not only that, he planned to win the war that was taking place between the European countries. However, after the humiliating defeat in Saint Domingue, he found out that he needed more soldiers and weapons than he anticipated. Therefore, he decided to focus on conquering Europe and gave up on expanding in the new land. This gave a chance for the Americans to gain more land. In 1802, Jefferson sent delegates to France to negotiate the purchase of the Louisiana Territory. Later, the two countries compromised, and the 800,000 square miles of land was soon sold to the Americans for just 15 million dollars.

BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION -HW This case took place in 1954, and was between the board of education and a black man called Oliver Brown who had a little third grader daughter called Linda Brown. Linda went to a public school in Kansas which consisted of only colored students. In the other end, there were schools during that time with only white people. Oliver thought that this was very unfair, therefore, sued on the board of education. With Thurgood Marshall as the plaintiff and John Davis as the defense, the trial took place soon after Oliver sued. The court, too, thought that this was unconstitutional and stated that it violated the 14th amendment, which gave equal rights to the both black and white people. Later, this case slowly reached through the states, and desegregation soon occurred in the schools throughout the country. I agree with the courts ruling; I too think that separating the blacks and the whites by creating different places for them is very unconstitutional. This surely violates the 14th amendment which gives both blacks and whites equal rights. Separating these two will make it unfair for the minorities, which is blacks for this case, and it will make segregation more common.

 SUPREME COURT 1. How many people are in the Supreme Court? There are nine people in the Supreme Court. 2. What is the supreme Court? What does it do? Supreme Court is in charge of the Judicial branch, the highest court of the country. They interpret laws and make decisions on disputes that affects a lot of people. 3. What is the judiciary act of 1789? What is judiciary review? It created the Judicial Branch and gave details in how it would be set up. It set up the number of members in the Supreme Court and the lower district courts. Also, it set the idea that the Courts are responsible of settling the dispute between the states and that the decisions made by the Supreme Court is final. The judiciary review is the power of the judicial branch to analyze the actions of the executive and the legislative branch and decide if it's constitutional or not. 4. What was the story of Marbury vs. Madison? Marbury, known as one of the Justice of the Peace in Columbia, was appointed as "Midnight Judges" by John Adams at the end of this presidency. He was federalist like John Adams, When Jefferson, antifederalist, was elected as the next president, he didn't want so many federalist like Marbury in his court. So he assigned James Madison to not deliver the notice of the appointment. When Marbury found this out, he sued Madison for not delivering the notice. This was the first time that the Supreme Court ever declared unconstitutional of what the other branches had done. This incident gave a new power to the Supreme Court. They could turn down any law made by the Congress if found unconstitutional.

LEWIS AND ClARK QUESTIONS 1. Why did Jefferson want to explore the west? Jefferson wanted to explore the west for many reasons. But out of all, and most importantly, he wanted to expand and learn. He wanted to have he be acquainted with the native americans in the west and be familiar with the environments. He was well aware of the fact that his new country had to face these lands in the future. And since he just bought huge chunks of lands in the west by Louisiana Purchase, he had to quickly decide what to do of it. By exploring the west and actually seeing what's out there, he knew that as a president, he will make better decisions for his country of what should be done. Also, as a planter, he was always in demand for more rich lands though it wasn't actually needed. This habit continued on even during his presidency, wanting more lands for the country. By doing so he hoped to spread his country's idea of politics and liberties. 2. Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery? Lewis is just a perfect fit for the expedition to the west because of his so many qualities that he is comprised of. He was a man with great integrity and with great character. He worked as an officer during the American Revolution and had helped put down the Whiskey Rebellion. These experiences led him to be adept in leading troops and commanding. Also, unlike Clark, who was a bit emotional, Lewis was very cool and calm. He behaved in very proper manner with whoever he had met during the expedition and managed good relationships. 3. What kind of man was William Clark? Like Lewis, Clark was also involved in many battles and wars, and he too was had the talent of leading and commanding. But compared to Lewis, he was very easy going man. He easily made compromises and dealt successfully with more diverse people, even with people who were very uneducated. Also, he was the one who someone count on. This was one reason why Lewis had chosen Clark to accompany him to the expedition. Not only that, he was always able to find solution to whatever the problem was. His good characters like the ones stated easily lead to success in the expedition. 4. Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition? She was a young shoshoni woman living in Minitari. However, she wasn't stationed in Minitari when she met Lewis and Clark. For about five to six years, she has been transferred from one man to another by gambling. Later, she ended up being the property of Charbonnou, and was forced to marry him. And that was when the two men met this young woman. They hired her husband to aid their expedition. Though they weren't too much fond of the man, they knew that by doing so it will be easier to borrow horses from the Minitari tribe. Also, they knew that his wife, Sacagawea will help them lead to the right directions. And indeed, this was true. Not only they got the horses, Sacagawea, being only fourteen years then, helped find food and successfully led them to the Pacific Ocean. She had a great talent in reading rivers, mountains, lakes, and other landscapes. Thanks to this teenage little Indian girl, the expedition was successfully done. 5. How did Lewis and Clark deal with Indians they encountered? Lewis and Clark had several goals which they hoped to achieve when they faced the Indians. First of all, they wanted to build trade relations between them for the future country. They did so in a specific routine. They would first have a parade of all the objects that are unknown to the Indians such as guns and show what they can do. Then, they would try to negotiate. It was this routine that actually led to success in building good trade systems with most of the Indians they encountered. Second goal that these two men hope to achieve was spread the word that the Indians were now part of the United States. They would say, "You are now part of the United States. You have a new Great Father." to the Indians and try to help them be know more of the country. During the expedition, they successfully accomplished these two goals. They didn't try to take over any tribe because they wanted the Indians' help in order to reach the coast and also because they wanted to have good trade relations with them. 6. What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover? Lewis and Clark discovered many different animals. They found countless number of prairie dogs and coyotes which were very irritating to the two men. They saw thousands and thousands of buffalos in the Great Plains and Grizzy Bears in South Dakota. They also spotted lots of bugs like mosquitos and gnats especially around the rivers. Some of these animals like mosquitos were very troublesome to the men, as they said, "Mosquitos immensely numerous and troublesome" 7. What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition? There are lots of lesser known stories of the expedition that are just as interesting as others. One may be the fact that the explorers brought lots and lots of beers and wine, but it only lasted until they reached Kansas. As Napolean says, " whenever you set off on a march, make sure you’ve got plenty of beer and wine along and that it’s enough to last until you get far enough away from camp so that nobody can desert". And this was exactly what they had done. Also, as these men traveled west, they made names for many of the landscapes. Milk River, Teapot Lake, and Slaughter River are some of the names they've made. They even made named things after themselves. Another fact that weren't well known is the fact that Lewis brought his Newfoundland dog, Seaman, with him. It would chase beavers, swim in the river, capture beavers, and scare off buffalo. 8. What is the larger historical significance of the expedition? From this expedition, the Americans were able to know better of what was out there in the west. Before this trip, most thought of all kinds of bizarre things like having mammoths walking around everywhere and even lakes covered by salt. But through the expedition, more and more people became ambitious to expand westward and discover new things. It was a journey that triggered everyone's mind in trying new things. Also, the expedition helped the United States to have a fairly good relationship with the Native Americans and enabled them to trade easily in the future. Not only that, they finished the mapping of entire North America all the way from the west to the east.

MOVIE- PRESIDENTS 1789-1820
 * 1) George Washington
 * only man unanimously elected, every single vote in electoral college twice
 * embodiment of revolution, government
 * federalist 1789-1797 from Virginia
 * inauguration federal hall NYC
 * set many precedents "So help me God" "Mr. President"
 * infected by rare bacterial infection
 * wife Martha no children
 * action hero (horse=Nelson)
 * wouldn't shake hands
 * great dancer
 * tall & strong
 * excellent delegator
 * known for dignity, integrity, honesty
 * first in war, peace, dance, arts, designing, gambling
 * best cabinet- group Henry Knoc sec of defense, Alexandra Hamilton sec of treasury, Thomas Jefferson as sec of state
 * Alexandria & Jefferson Compromise : capitol in Virginia, Alexandria got the funding to create a national bank
 * City of Washington, Foggy Bottom, in Washington D.C
 * chose neutrality when British and France fought in 1793
 * Whiskey Rebellion: taxed on whiskey "No taxation without representation" 12000 soldiers marched towards the angry farmers and put down the rebellion
 * Farewell Address: left after 2 terms (no law limiting 2 terms)
 * 1) John Adams
 * Federalist 1797-1801
 * wife Abigail 4 children
 * Harvard educated
 * insecure (up in one day down in one day), erratic
 * spoke with a lisp
 * poor people skills
 * racked with self doubt, ambitious
 * managing style: bad
 * wrote dec of independence & continental congress
 * didn't accept counsel
 * French and British still at war
 * sent diplomatic team to French, British bribed : XYZ affair
 * people wanted to go on a war with French, but Adams disagreed
 * good choice, firm in seeking peace
 * sent another diplomatic to sign that he wasn't going to involve nor fight
 * people got mad for not listening to them, wrote bad things about him
 * Alien and Sedition Acts - crime to say bad things about presidents & - unconstitutional
 * Kentucky and virginia Resolution: said that Alien and Sedition Acts was wrong, overturned him
 * created navy, added a cabinet "sec of cabinet"
 * 1) Thomas Jefferson
 * (Antifederalist) Democratic Republic 1801-1809
 * first to be inaugurated in Washington "We are all federalist, we are all republicans"
 * didn't follow federalist model
 * thought the country was going down by the federalist
 * "government is the best which governs the least"
 * widower- 6 children
 * man of the people
 * secretive
 * master manipulator
 * greeted guests in house slippers
 * man of the people
 * elegant
 * lived in Monticello- beautiful mansion with slaves
 * quite, effective manager, worked privately
 * didn't prefer public speeches
 * presses become a big role in how people think
 * press states that Jefferson had an affair with Sally Hummings, a scandel
 * stayed quiet, didn't talk about anything he didn't want to think about
 * Louisiana Purchase- French sells this (Napolian) for 15 million dollars, twice more land
 * used Hamilton's fiance to fund it, bought the land
 * people thought that it was unlike him, very strong national gov, very unconstitutional
 * secretly sent Louis and Clark
 * reelected, starts the second terms
 * hated being criticized
 * faced economical crises
 * France and Britain didn't like America to trade with the their enemy
 * Embargo Act: stopped the trading with both France and Britain - bad choice
 * didn't like the position of presidency, but have done very well in the office
 * 1) James Madison
 * Democratic Republic 1809- 1817
 * father of Constitution, veteren of Revolution
 * wife Doley, no children
 * bawdy, small, calm, soft sound, but liked talking
 * known for lavish parties
 * smart, prepared for what would come out but war
 * War of 1812 took place - war again with England
 * British seized American ship, impressment - searching& inspecting - took place
 * first president to ask Congress for declaration of war and Congress agreed
 * bad choice
 * burned president's mansion, capital war ended
 * faced enemy fire
 * sent James Madison to France (signed treaty of ghent) which stopped the war
 * Victory in Battle of New Orleans- Andrew Jackson
 * foreign issues cannot be ignored, made country more mature
 * 1) James Monroe
 * Democratic Republican 1817-1825 from Virginia
 * last of the revolutionary man, last of Virginian Dynasty
 * wife Elizabeth -2 children
 * war hero
 * honest, patient
 * hands-off manager
 * falsely easy presidency
 * reign over the age of peace and happiness "Era of Good Feelings"
 * not really
 * presiding over lots of thins inside
 * hired great people for cabinet
 * Missouri applied for state
 * political debate Free or Slave state
 * Missouri Compromise in 1820 - Main as a Free state & Missouri as a Slave state
 * temporary solution, later Civil War
 * return slaves to Africa to "Monrovia"
 * Florida ruled by Spain, but full of Indians
 * Uprising from Indians take place, border problems, just bought Florida
 * 1818 Savanoe Indians

LAUNCHING THE NATION- HAMILTON AND NATIONAL FINANCES 1. a. Describe What economic problems did the new government face? The new government faced many economic problems. The main problem was the debts; the new country had lots of debts both from other countries and from the citizens. During the war, they had raised their money by bonds, and now they had to pay back the money before it gets too high. Another problem was the unstable banking system. This greatly affected the U.S economy. b. Summarize What compromise did Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? The three men followed Hamilton's debt compromise. Jefferson and Madison persuaded the southerners to contribute paying taxes to pay off the state debts and Hamilton persuaded the northerners to change the capital from N.Y.C to Washington. These two conditions from the compromise made both sides- north and south- happy. 2. a. Identify What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? Jefferson believed in weak national government with strong state government. He thought that each individual had the equal right to contribute and make a better country. In the other hand, Hamilton believed in strong national government. He thought average people had no particular interest in governing. Therefore, his goal was to balance the "mass of people" with wealthier citizens. b. Draw Conclusions Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? Since Hamilton was a New Yorker he was in siding with the northerners. Like northerners, he believed that manufacturing and business was more important than farming. Also, he thought that high taxes were necessary to pay back the taxes. However, since Jefferson was a farmer in the southern states, he preferred opposite things. He valued farming more important than businesses. He also thought that high taxes were not fair for the farmers. c. Elaborate Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. I believe in Jefferson's idea regarding the average citizen's ability to make decisions for the country. No one in the country should be excluded from ruling their own country. Therefore, it is important for the government to encourage each citizen to contribute to building the country. If this isn't followed and only the wealthy, high ranking groups of power gets the right to make decisions, the whole country will turn to oligarchy or even back to monarchy. 3. a. Recall Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the Bank of the United States? Jefferson believed that the government didn't have the power to control over the banking system, stating that the constitution never mentioned such power. He said that this would give too much power to the federal government. b. Contrast What is the difference between loose construction and strict construction of the Constitution? Loose constructions means that the government can take reasonable actions that the constitution never mentioned. This was what Hamilton believed in. However, strict construction means that the government can only do things that the constitution asked to do. Jefferson supported this idea. c. Elaborate Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. With the national back, the federal government can lend money to the businesses when needed to help them survive through economical hardships. This would bring stability to the U.S economy.

LAUNCHING THE NATION - WASHINGTON LEADS A NEW NATION 1. a) What role did the electoral college play in George Washington’s election to the presidency? The electoral college, group of people from each state that represented the people's vote in choosing the president, voted on George Washington as the president and John Adams as the vice president. Practically, 100% of them were for George Washington. 1. b) What were some of Martha Washington’s duties as First Lady? She entertained guests and attended social events with her husband, though many (Republican Motherhood) believed that First Lady should have greater role. 2. a) What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? They made a group of people, called cabinet, to assist the president in different criteria. As for the first president, he picked Henry Knox as the secretary of war, Thomas Jefferson as the secretary of state, Edmund Randolph as the attorney general and Alexander Hamilton as the secretary of the treasury. 2. b)What was the purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789? It created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship with state courts. It also set up federal district courtd and circuit court of appeals. It basically created the federal court. 2. c)What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why? I think the most important element of the Judiciary Act is that it set a definite purpose for the federal court. This basically set the framework of the judiciary branch which finished up the three branches. 3. a) What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? New York City served as the first capital city because it was one of the few city with population above 25000 and it was quickly getting recovered from the Revolution. Also, it had a bustling economy which increased the hopes of more population. 3. b) What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? Americans had high hopes for the new nation. They hoped for easy going trade, free from too many restrictions, and laws that protect the from competing foreign competitors. However, they didn't want the government to interfere too much with their lives. They just wanted the government to keep the economy stable and help unite as one nation. 3. c) Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. No, now, the new capital city is Washington D.C. Since the U.S have 50 states, there's more to deal with, and we need to be fair as possible. In order to do that, the capital shouldn't be included in any state. Therefore, I think having Washing D.C as out capital is a much better decision than having N.Y.C as the capital. NYC - PHILADELPHIA - WASHINGTON D.C** 4) Washington's decisions: chose the first cabinet & have cabinet meetings with his top advisors & set up good precedent for later presidents Congress's decisions: Passed Judiciary Act of 1789 & created departments in the executive branch (cabinet) & set up electoral college => First U.S government

ELECTION
 * 1) Electoral College: elect president based on electoral votes
 * 2) Presidents are federalists, democratic, republic
 * 3) In the beginning-
 * 4) Federalist: stronger national government - help businesses
 * 5) Democratic-Republican: less national government -- help lower taxes, more agriculture

FORMING A NEW GOVERNMENT PART 2 REVIEW

A. Vocabulary
 * 1) Constitution: a set of basic principle that determines the power and duties of a government
 * 2) Virginia Plan: the plan made by the bigger states ( by Edmund Raleigh) which stated that legislative branch should have two houses with representation determined by the population of the states
 * 3) New Jersey Plan: the plan made by the smaller states which states that legislature branch should have one house with the same number of representatives per each state.
 * 4) Compromise: to come to an agreement, making a resolution, a solution for a group of people
 * 5) Great Compromise: an agreement stating that legislative branch should have two houses; first group formed by two people from each state, and second group determined by the population of the states.
 * 6) Three fifth compromise: agreement that counted only 3/5 of the slaves as the population to count as representation
 * 7) Electoral college: group of people selected from each of the states to cast votes in presidential election

B. Main Ideas
 * 1) Some people thought that the government was in the control of the states because the representatives from the states contribute a lot. But others thought that the people controlled the government.Later they compromised that the government's power should come from the people, not the states. The government is made up of the people from America, and without them, a country can't exist. States exist just to help thethe people to be better organized, but it can't rule over the people.
 * 2) As you know, the # of the people with representation is very important because this decides the number of representatives for the second group of legislative branch. The southern states wanted to include slaves' population for representation, so they could have more power in the Congress. However, the northern states opposed to that because they didn't want to the southern states to control them. They came up with the solution of Three Fifth Compromise; only 3/5 of the slaves to be counted as people for representing their states.
 * 3) Southerners were opposing against outlawing the slaves because they were very dependent on them. They were the main source for plantation labors. In the other hand, some people in north believed that it wasinjustice to have slaves in the new nation. Also, having slaves didn't fit with the statements in Declaration of Independence, "All men are created equal". Therefore, they decided to gradually reduce the use of slave trade by allowing congress to levy tariffs on imports, but not on exports. That allowed the import of slave trade to last for only awhile.
 * 4) Some people didn't like the idea of one person ruling the Executive Branch because they thought the government would end up the same as the British. These Americans were fighting for the freedom, not another chance to be controlled by a single man. However, some people thought that it was better to have one leader for executive because that would make it so much easier and faster to enforce the laws. Soon, they came up with the idea to have an election to have one president who could lead the citizen in a rightful way.
 * 5) Portion of the people had the thought of only the Congress electing a president because they know more about the people running as presidents. Also, it would be a lot faster and easier to get the votes. However, many thought that the people should vote on who was to be a president. The president is the head of executive branch where they enforce the laws. If this important position is elected by only the Congress, it would be very unfair for the other citizens when they have as much rights as the people in the Congress. At the end, they agreed on giving the people the right to vote for the president

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EXPLORERS

The thirteen explorers have many similarities that unite them as one. First, all of the early explorers had their own goals which they hoped to achieve. Although someone of the goals were almost impossible to achieve, they tried their very best. For example, Ponce de Leon, a spanish explorer wanted to find "fountain of youth", but instead discovered Florida. Secondly, they got some help from the others when they were sailing to other places.Most of the explorers used ships and other materials sponsored by a country, in return of giving that country what they got on the new land. Also, many of them needed sailors below them who could support him and help him accomplish his job. Thirdly, the explorers used astrolabe, cartography, and other navigation tools to sail to where they were planning to go. Without these tools, the explorers wouldn't have reached to their goal.

Despite these similarities, there were many differences between them that made each distinguish from one another. First, number of people traveling and the size of the ships used were varied depending on how bigthe trip and how rich the sponsor was. For example, Ferdinand Magellan had 270 men in 5 ships for his trip when Hernando Cortes had 550 Spaniards, 300 natives, 13 horses, 10 cannons, with 10 ships. You can seehow much the size varied from one to another. Secondly, their afterwards were different. Some of the explorers were deserted by his sailors like Henry Hudson, some were killed like Ferdinand Magellan,many became prosperous, like Hernando Cortes, and some were even eaten, like Balboa Gionnavi.