Jung+Hyun

= = ==HOW DOES THE CIVIL WAR END? READ 536- 543 AND ANSWER QUESTIONS1-4 (ab).Please continue with research on your final. When you have a guiding question please see me before you continue with your project. GUIDING QUESTION IS DUE THURSDAY ALONG WITH HOMEWORK. ==

1.a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? --> General Stonewall Jackson. b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? --> General Hooker’s hesitation gives the Confederates time to take a defensive position at Chancellorsville, commanding an assault on the Union front while Stonewall Jackson led an attack on Hooker’s flank. 2a. What was the Gettysburg Address? --> The Gettysburg Address was President Lincoln’s speech in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War. This was a short but moving speech, on of the most famous in American History, as it referenced the Declaration of Independence. b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? --> To begin with, Lee gathered his forces west of Gettysburg, unaware that Union soldiers were encamped closer to town. The Union soldiers used the benefit of knowing their geographical features of land well enough and regrouped along Cemetery Ridge and Culps Hill. As a result, the Union forces held a strong defensive position and won the Battle of Gettysburg. 3a. What was the purpose of the Wilderness Campaign? --> The purpose was not only to stop the will of the South to fight, and to win Lincoln’s re-election votes. b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? --> The capture had caused the Confederate troops to eventually retreat as Sherman held Atlanta under siege. This success showed that Lincoln knew how to hand over the power to the right people, and was a trustworthy leader. The northerners believed that with this rate, Lincoln could stop the Civil War very soon. 4a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse? --> Grant had surrounded Lee’s army and demanded the soldiers’ surrender. Trapped by the Union army, Lee recognized that the situation was hopeless. In the end, the Union and Confederate leaders met at a home in the small town of Appomattox Courthouse where lee surrendered to Lee, ending the Civil War. b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war? --> The slaves that were set free were mostly homeless or jobless. The defeat also led to a crisis in economy in the South.

HOMEWORK- WAR IN THE WEST>522-525 ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-3 ON STUDENT PAGE- DUE 1.a. What role did Ulysses S.Grant play in the war in the West? --> He was a chief commander of forces in the Union's western campaign. Also he led two victories of the battles which are battle of Shiloh and the siege of Vicksburg. b. Why was the battle of Shiloh important? --> It was very important because the Unions dominated the Mississippi river valley. First, the Mississippi runs across the south. So by dividing the South into two, the union army could dissipate the concentration of confederate forces. Second, Mississippi river is the hub of transportation and provides a means of communication. c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions in the West? Why or why not? --> As far as the Lincoln's attempts for reconciliation and generosity are concerned, the Lincoln might not improve of grants bold and restless strategy toward the confederate army. For example, the general Grant sought hard line war strategies such as "no terms except unconditional surrender."

2. a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? --> Farragut attacked with his wooden ships that the North had prepare. They attacked the forts at night and protected the ships with the iron heads. Then they got the New Orleans also with his fleet. b.How were civilians affected by the **Siege of Vicksburg?** --> Civilians, along with confederates soldiers, who were kept under the sits suffered hunger until the surrender that Grant immediately sent food to civilians shows how they were deeply afflicted by the siege of Vicksburg. c. What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg? --> The union's victory was from the General Grants that he made the city starve into surrender. Also Farragut had trouble to his gun that he was little less effectual than General Grant.

3.Battle of Shiloh Cause: large revel army directed by Johnston tried the knit assault in the grant's camp. Effect: 2 days of bloody battles. Johnston got killed. 10thousand casualties from both armies. Another defeat by the south. The Siege of the Vicksburg Cause: Vicksburg as unimportant strategy place near Mississippi river. Grants army heading south Farragut's soldiers heading north from new Orleans. Effect: The tide of the war in the west inclines to the control of the Union army.  

__READ : WAR BEGINS 511-515 THEN ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS ON PAGE 515,READ;WAR IN THE EAST 516-521 THEN ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS ON 521__
P.515 1.a. What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? --> The attack at Fort Sumter that the first shot was fired to. It was because the fire was shot at the Fort Johnson. b. How did the Union's strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? --> The strategy of Union and Confederacy was different. South had farms that they had enough supplies of the food. They did not had to worry about it, but defend themselves until the North became tired to fight against the South.The south did not have enough military as the North did. However the North had more people in the army who were working in the factories. Also they were developed at the transportation system so they could use railroad, canals and roads. However they didn't had enough food supplies. c. Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? --> I think the Unions were more prepared because the people volunteered themselves for their team and they were always carrying the foods, guns, extra ammunition and other items with them that they can always protect themselves with their items. So I think the Unions were more prepared than others. 2 a. How did women take part in the war? --> The women made uniforms for the men and they nursed the hurt and sick soldiers in the field when they fought. b. In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war? -->They were unprepared because both rushed to the war in the beginning. Also they didn't have enough number of soldiers to have a war. They needed more supplied to fight too. They needed to teach the soldiers how to fight like the volunteered soldiers that they had no idea of the way the soldiers fight. So they were unprepared for the war most in the beginning. c. Why did the men volunteer to fight in the war? --> They involved and volunteered in the war because to protect their own belief and opinions to be safe. They wanted to make sure that they can achieve their own goal to make their states comfortable. Also they had respect to their states. to fight with more people that makes more possibility to win. Also they had items that protects them all the time because they carry them. Their transportation was developed. || They have enough food supplies. They had to just defend themselves that made the North tired. || Got tired to fight with South to go down to the South. || They had less soldiers to fight. They had less developed transportation. ||
 * || Union || Confederate ||
 * Strength || They had lots of volunteered soldiers
 * Weakness || They had not enough food supplies and

P.521 1 a. List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. --> Fist battle of bull run and Second battle of bull run. First one was the victory of Confederates. This battle showed that it shattered the North's hopes of winning the war quickly. Also it was also known as the battle of Manassas. It showed that Civil war wasn't easy to win. The second batlle was Jackson against the Unions. They fought for 3days and the first day, the fight ended stalemate. Second day, the fight didn't finish and the last day, the confederates won the major victory. b. Why do you think the union lost the first battle of bull run? --> Confederated superior communications. Confederate's signal tower sighted the Union and it confused the confederates.Then Union attacked the stone brige. 2a. What costly mistake did the confederacy make before the battle of Antietam? --> The confederate leader wanted to split the army but they just round the Lee's battle plan sheet. Then the MCclellan knew that Lee will separate their army and McClellan was hesitated to attack them. So the army of Lee had time to reunite each other. b. What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? --> The North wom this battle. It made Mcclellan outcome and stop the growth of Lee. c. Why do you think General George B. McClellan did not finish off general Robert .E Lee's troops when he had the chance? --> He thought that Lee would have some more plan and more troops that are waiting. This made him think that he can't fight this army by himself and if he fights with the army, he will get disadvantage on his side. So I think he didn't fought with Lee. 3a. What was the Union's strategy in the war at sea? --> The union navy called up to set up a blockade of southern imports and exports. This prevented the South from getting goods from the others and it damaged the southern economy. The cost line of Virginia and Texas made this line to remain. The south used small, fast ships to outrun the larger Union warships. Most of the blockade runners traveled to Bahamas or Nassau to buy supplies for the confederacy. b. Why were ironclads more successful than older, wooden ships? --> Iron clads were stronger and better than the old wood made ships because the ironclads were mostly made out of irons. This has better shape of the ship and safer than the wooden that it doesn't have lots of concer that it will explode easily. Also it doesn't get ruined eaily so the ironclads are better.
 * Most significant || Why ||
 * 1. The first battle of bull run

2. The battle of Antietam

3. The second battle of bull run || -Because the victory was confederates and it showed the hardship of civil war. Civil war's hardness to go over has shown. This also tells them to solve conflict with their own power. -Because even though McClellan had the copy of the lee's plan, he didn't fought with Lee that he was thinking further, the future of the battle. This also showed the considerness of McClellan's judgement. -Because the battle was going on for 3 days which was pretty long due to these three battles. This was the Confederate's major victory. Also this showed the fight between the Jackson and Unions. ||

RECORD THESE TERMS ON YOUR STUDENT PAGE AND KNOW WHAT THEY MEAN AND SIGNIFY TO US HISTORY.USE HOLT ON LINE.

====ANNEXATION OF TEXAS: President Polk wanted to make the Oregon and Texas to be the United States. Then Polk persuaded the Oregon country to be a part of United States and also the Texas. Texas thought that it will be better to be United States for their economic financial situation and also the military system so they became a United States and annexed their military with American military.==== Significance: It is to make the United States larger country and to make the country into non-slave states that Polk made other new countries with his negotiation.

OREGON TRAIL: a 2000-mile trail stretching through the Great Plains from western Missouri to the Oregon Territory.
Significance: To make the Oregon country United States and to connect with other countries, they made the Oregon Trail.

OREGON TERRITORY: It's a fur-trading post which was called Astoria the first American elements.
significance: To trade fur in the place that most people can come easily and trade with more people and with better quality.

====CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH: Many Americans went to the California to get gold and become rich, because in California, lots of the gold was found. So the Americans heard the news people to people that they all went to California to get golds. The Sutter and Marshall was the first ones to find it. Then many people settled there.====

MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR: Mexican–American War was an armed conflict between the United States from Mexico 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S.annexation of Texas.
Significance: It is to make the United States stronger with Texas military, but the Texas had their opinion but the U.S did not listen to it so it made a war between the two's conflict.

INDUSTRIALISM: It is same as Industrial Revolution that it's a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid 1700s.
Significance: To develop the world that it's time to work with at least little more comfort and to work with machine as the world develops.

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= = =**Key Terms & People-due friday**=
 * Using the resources listed below, write a definition for each of the following terms or people listed in your //Student page//**
 * Missouri Compromise: an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states.
 * secession: The 11 states of the United States went separate from the confederation which caused the Civil War.
 * Compromise of 1850: Henry clay's proposed agreement that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty.
 * Fugitive Slave Law: A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal, and required their return ti slaveholder.
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin: an antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed northerners the violent reality of slavery and drew many people to the abolitionists' cause.
 * Ostend Manifesto: was a secret document written in 1854 by U.S diplomats describing a plan to acquire cuba from Spain . A product of the debate over slaves in the United States, Manifest Destiny, and the Monroe Doctrine , the document was not intended to be made public when it leaked, it resulted in public abroad.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act: A law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery.
 * Dred Scott Case: It's about the argument against that the blacks that are imported from the Africa that are slaves or their decadents cannot be American Citizens.
 * John Brown's Raid: an incident in which abolitionist John Brown and 21 other men captured a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry,Virginia, in hope of starting a slave rebellion.
 * Election of 1860: The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. It set a stage for the Civil War.

--> The major component was to make the Americans not interfering to the European events and making Europeans don't care what Americans are doing. America made 4 rules to Europe to make the country independent. Also its purpose was to make American stronger country and to stand up by itself without the caring from the Europe. --> Monroe Doctrine was a statement that told the English and French that European powers shouldn't interfere with America. So Monroe doctrine influenced that other countries didn't interfered with America. It was for protecting the United States. It influenced that other country can't control over America. --> Napoleon was trying to create a New World of his and wanted to make all the territories to his. He first bought the Louisiana from the Spanish and had it. However as he fought with the English, he lost all his money and needed money to fight against the Britain. So he couldn't do anything but selling the Louisiana. So they sold the Louisiana to Americana and America's land doubled up.
 * **Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose.**
 * **How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries?**
 * **Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory.**

Brown vs Board of the Education.
This is about the racism between the whites and blacks that they were treated unequally. The blacks couldn't really learn and if they learned, they learned in the poor places not enough to study properly. Also the girls couldn't really learn from the school too. The whites learned from the good places and got good education. This is against the bill of rights that not all people are created equal. I agree with it because it's not fair and it goes against the amendment that shouldn't happen

1 How many Supreme Court justices are there? -->There are 4 supreme court justice.
====2 What is the Supreme Court?What does it do?--> The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The supreme court decides the big cases or the important cases that can't deal in regular courts. ==== ====3 What was the judiciary act of 1789? what is Judicial review? -->Law that created the Judicial Branch of the federal government.The number of members of the Supreme Court became 6 and the number of the lower courts became 13. The idea that the Supreme court can settle disputes between states and the idea that a decision by the supreme court is now the final. ==== ====4 What was the story of Marbury vs Madison?--> Marshall wanted to support Adams, his fellow Federalist.Supreme court and Marshall decided that the power to deliver commissions to judges since it wasn't a part of the constitution but had conflict with the constitution. So Marshall made the enemies. However the Jefferson and Madison were in peace that they didn't have any enemies. Then, Marshall finally gave the congress the power that they can throw out the laws. Even though the Democratic-Republicans passed the bill into the law, the congress or court can deny it. Marshell lost political battle but won the war that he has earned the victory the other way. ====

[] ==**2.Please use the following link [] to research the journey of __Lewis and Clark.__ You must answer these questions in paragraph form! This means each question has a well thought out response and uses your own words.**==
 * 1.Please watch these videos before attempting the Questions.1.[] 2.

**response on your student page.This link has an interactive sight which should be investigated.**
-->Jefferson was an empire builder so he liked to know new lands.He wanted to make United States bigger with a political policy and the laws but not with the geographical country that is just known in the map. Also in the past at that time, the horse was the only transportation that the people had to move and can't just sent mail or call like right now. So he would have to go to the place and actually make it to his. It showed he is from Virginia who like to make a land of his. He actually wanted lands too. He liked to have lots of lands even though that he wasn't a great land owner. He liked to have lots of lands but others didn't think that he did great job on caring the land. --> He was a good leader and truly marvelous leadership. However he was always falling off like he is abyss. He is also perceptive and he is filled with serious emotional problems. --> He is the man who finds out the solution of the problem all the time. He also was a great military man. He had brother Lewis Clark and had expedition with him. Also he was great at making the map. -->She is the girl who married to Toussaint Charbonneau. She was fourteen and she had played gambling a lot with his husband. They had baby. There are not much information about her because she has written nothing. In the expedition, she played a real important role. She knew how to read the landscape that helped a lot.(Ex. she could read valley and river.) -->York was Clark's childhood companion that was like his friend. York was the Clark's home and it was the place that made him comfortable to live and have fun all his childhood.He also was loved by the Indians too. York's black slave acted like a free man even though they had the masters above them. They were going all over the place that tasted the freedom. However the slavery was everywhere that free meant nothing. -->He showed the things from Europe and let them be curious and interested in the new things that Clark had. Then, understand the Indian's traditions or their things that they want to show him and negotiate like they are friends from now on and he will help everything about them. -->They saw mosquitoes and they were really troublesome that they killed so many things. In the North Dakota, in winter Clark saw the grizzly bear. It was huge that had long and big claws that looked very dangerous. Also the flies, gnats, and mosquitoes all around.He also saw the buffaloes in the plain when he was passing by. --> Lewis and clark brought the whisky to the Great Falls. And then they ran out. Then dumped the water to make more whisky. However it was found guilty that it was theirs that was stolen. The dog of the Lewis' once got rid of the buffalo once that they almost got into the campsite. Also it was very distracted that there was too much mosquitoes. However the dog didn't got ate because it was spared. They named things and started from Sacagawea that named the seaman dog. --> We can live with our own life, but with them, with the explorer Lewis and Clark we can experience the danger but also find the new things. Also they wants us to find the place of ours. It shows that it wants us to find our spot from these stories.
 * Why did Jefferson want to explore the west?
 * Why was Lewis and ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?
 * What kind of man was William Clark?
 * Who was Sacagawea and how did she aid the expedition?
 * What was life like for New York,Clark's black slave,during the expedition?
 * How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?
 * What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?
 * What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?
 * What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?

= Chapter7**- Launching the New Nation Homework Sect 1and 2 are due monday on your student page!**= ==**Read Sect1 in Holt on line-** __Washington leads a new nation__ **then do Section assessment,questions 1-3 only on page 237. Have these questions and answers on your student page on top where I can see them.//Due Monday 3/16//**==

**Homework-How do Political parties begin?**
==**Read -Section 2 of Holt on line-238 to 242** Hamilton and Finance **then answer Questions 1-3 on page 242 in your student page.//Due Monday 3/ 16//.The following information will be used for a debate on Monday:**==

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P.237 1.(a) What role did the electoral college play in George Washington's election to presidency? --> The electors from electoral college represented the people's vote in choosing the president. They all elected George Washington without any other opinions for president. (b) What are some of Martha Washington's duties as First Lady? --> Martha Washington's duty was entertaining guests and attending social events with her husband. She was so busy that she couldn't have her own time even one half hour since the day of her arrival as a first lady. 2.(a) What percedent did president Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? --> The precedent is the first congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Washington met with the department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him. (b) What was the purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why?--> The purpose was to set up the federal court system and the courts' location. Then this act created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. It made the federal district courts. (c) What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789?Why?--> I think the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is relationship between the federal court system and president nominating the candidates for the judgeships. Candidates getting judgeship isn't a common thing because they have to be approved or rejected by the Senates. If they are rejected, they can't have the judgeship even though they are nominated by the president. 3. (a)What city served as the first capital of the Unites States? Why?--> The government center of the nation does not have to be places in a city where the economic activities flourish the most. In fact, the economic interest should be separated from politics. Also New York City by 18th century was too bustling and concentrated to combine both the political and economic activities in one place. Thus, the New York City did not have to be the capital of the U.S. (b) What expectations did most Americans gave for the new nation? --> The Americans had high expectations for the new country. They wanted to more imports and exports which is the trade between the other counties. They had too many restrictions. Also people wanted to keep the country's economy stable. (c) Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the Unites State? Explain you answer.--> No. Capital doesn't have to have a bustling economy. For example Australia's most busy city is Sidney or Melbourne, but the capital is the Canberra. It's good to have separated city between the economic city and the capital because the population will crowd to the one city but not spread. This will bring a chaos to the city. To prevent this, the most energetic city New York shouldn't be the capital. P.242 1.(a) What economic problems did the new government face?--> During the war, government raised the money of the debt with bonds. However, the government couldn't keep the promise to buy the bond back in higher prices from the bondholder. So bondholder had to sell it with lower price to the speculators.======

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(b) What compromise did Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts?--> Southern people wanted to change the capital that having capital for New York gave the northern states too much influence over national policy. Hamilton promised to convince northern congress members to move the capital city. Then the Madison and Jefferson also agreed and supported the plan that became a compromise of Hamilton's debt plan.======

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2.(a) What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government?--> Jefferson and Hamilton didn't cooperated for long. They each disagreed about defining the authority of the central government. Hamilton wanted strong federal government and Jefferson wanted stronger power for state government. (b) Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy?-->New York is the city of business and it is the most busy city in the country. Hamilton was depending on the business and trade which New Yorkers usually have is the business working. However Jefferson, who is from Virginia wanted to depend more on the farming and keeping the costs of the goods they bought low. (c) Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen's ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. -->I agree with the Hamilton because we can't farm everyday and the country have to develop with trading and business that country can contact with other countries. Also Hamilton has the thinking of these days that wants to develop the country to the newest. 3.(a) Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the Bank of the United States?--> Jefferson believed in a strict constitution of the constitution. Since he thought the Bank of the US made by congress is the extension of governmental power not specifically enumerated in the constitution, he opposed the creation of the bank in terms of preventing government from getting stronger. (b) What is the difference between loose construction and strict construction of the Constitution? --> Loose construction is the federal government can take reasonable actions that constitution doesn't really forbid. However the strict construction is the federal government that should do only when Constitution actually give the permission to do. (c) Defend Alexander Hamilton's stance in favor of the creation of a national bank.--> "There is a reason that President Washington approved of the national bank and that is to stabilize the function of our government." without a national bank, government cannot deposit its money and will be under heavy debts that it will have a hard time paying them. By establishing a national bank, the government will safely run its business from those loans issued by the bank.======

**PLEASE WRITE DEFINITIONS TO KEY TERMS AND ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-5 ON MAIN PAGE. PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEOS AT THE BOTTOM.POST BY MONDAY 2/9**

KEY TERMS QUESTIONS 1.Should the government's power come from the states or the people?The constitution says that all power comes from the people and every people who are the citizen of America has right to go against government if they are wrong, so the government should not take overpower the states. 2.Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress?--- Every vote of slaves should count toward any election. Thus, slaves too should be counted as people. 3.Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? Slave trade should be banned because slave as a people cannot be counted as property. Only properties are exchanged in trades. It violates the constitution, which says that all people are equal. 4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch?-- Yes, president as a single person may take an exclusive role in carrying out the duties of executive body. In terms of checks and balances, president may assume a role up to the extent the constitution allows the presidents. However there has to be other executive leaders such as Secretary of Defense or Secretary of State and other heads from departments who should take their roles in order to run the government. 5.Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people?-- President should be elected by Congress because if some candidates has no ideas of government or they became candidate of no reason, Congress can cut them off, but if the election is by citizens, anybody even the candidate without any information can be the president, so it should be elected by the Congress.
 * constitution: Constitution is a set of basic principles and laws that states the powers and duties of the government.
 * Virginia Plan: Virginia Plan is a new federal constitution that would give sovereignty, or supreme power, to the central government.
 * New Jersey Plan: New Jersey Plan is a unicameral, or one-house legislature. The plan gave each state an equal number of votes, and thus an equal voice, in the federal government.
 * compromise: Compromise is an agreement made between two people or groups in which each side gives up some of the things they want so that both sides are happy at the end.
 * Great Compromise: The Great Compromise is the agreement to create a two-house legislature.
 * Three-Fifths Compromise: The Three-Fifths Compromise is the agreement that only three-fifths of a state's slave population would count when determining representation.
 * Electoral College: Electoral College is a group if people who come together to elect the President and Vice-President, based on the votes of people in each state.

There were many explorers, but they all had similarities and differences. For similarities, they bothered Natives and they destroyed the cities or important places. Also, all the time, explorers make Natives to work for them All the explorers went look for gold threatening the Natives. But all of them failed to get gold. They received riches for threatening too. The differences are some explorers went over the places and named it by their last name, like: Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and Hudson River. They went over the different places such as Mexico, Puerto Rico, Newfoundland, and some other places too.