Peter+Kim

=Final Quiz:= 1. Fort Sumter 2. 3 Events That Led to War 3. Secession 4. First Bull Run 5. Stonewall Jackson 6. George McClellen 7. Robert E. Lee 8. 7 Days Battle 9. Ironclads 10. Anaconda Plan 11. Vicksburg 12. Shiloh 13. Emancipation Proclamation 14. Gettysburg Address 15. Gettysburg 16. Pickett's Charge 17. William Sherman 18. Wilderness Campaign 19. Appomattox 20. John Wilkes Booth

=__Homework 5/28/09:__= 1. a. General "Stonewall" Jackson. b. This was because General Hooker hesitated and had a portion of his troops form a defensive position at Chancellorsville, in which the Confederate army took advantage of, splitting the two groups apart. Eventually, Hooker had to order a retreat. 2. a. A speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War. b. Geography is important because depending on where you are, it gives you straticial bonuses. For example, the Confederates had an advantage at the beginning of the Battle of Gettysberg because they were on a hill, allowing them to easily fire down on the Union troops below. Also, I was because of the position that the Union forces were in that they were able to hold the line so effectivly. 3. a. It was a series of battles between Union and Confederate forces in northern and central Virginia that delayed the Union capture of Richmon. b. It helped him win his re-election. 4. a. Lee's troops were surrounded by Grant's and his troops were running low on supplies. Thus, he had to finally surrender to Grant in order to save himself and his troops. b. Their economy was in ruins, and there was a long lasting hatred between the South and North from then on. Hundreds of thousand of americans also lost their lives for the war. =__Homework 5/20/09:__= Ulysses S. Grant was a general that fought for the Union. Unlike McClellan, he made better decisions and fought many battles and won them for the Union. He also took over many forts with force. He was a great general. He also fought against the Confederates and gained a lot of Mississippi River. b. Why was the battle of Shiloh important? It was important because the union was able to gain more control of the Mississippi River Valley. And also a lot of soldiers of both sides died a lot. c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions in the West? Why or why not? I think President Lincoln approved it because Grant was doing a great job forcing the Confederates back out of the Mississippi River. But he disliked the fact that so much Americans were dying because of this war and general. 2. a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? The Union took the New Orleans by going past the two forts. They made a dash with their warships and seized New Orleans. b. How were the civilians affected by the Siege of Vicksburg? The civilians did not have any food source because they were all cut out. So the civilians didn't have any food so they ate horses, cows, and rats. ** c. What might be some possible results of the Union victory in Vicksburg? Possible results is their high-rising pride and also their siege of Vicksburg meant their territory will expand more. While the Confederates will be suffering a lot because of the losses while losing the civilians' trust in them. And the Confederates also lost a lot of soldiers. 3. Cause: 1) the Union tried to siege the Vicksburg. They tried to make them starve till they surrender. 2) the Union was practicing and running drills instead of setting up defense. Battles: 1) Siege of Vicksburg 2) Battle of Shiloh. Effects: 1) The people and soldiers up there were starving to death and had to surrender. It was a great method of fighting. 2) The Union was sprang upon but they still won the war because of the general's great leadership. Missouri Compromise: a compromise that stated that Missouri will enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. And also the compromise drew an imaginary line separating the free state and the slave state. =__Homework 5/11/09:__= = = =__John Quincy Adams:__= Wife Louisa - 3 Children Humorless Superb mind Arrogant Inflexible manager
 * 1. a. What role did Ulysses S. Grant play in the war in the West?
 * Missouri Compromise - An act of Congress (1820) by which Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′N, except for Missouri.
 * secession - The withdrawal from the Union of 11 Southern states in the period 1860–61, which brought on the Civil War.
 * Compromise of 1850 - A set of laws, passed in the midst of fierce wrangling between groups favoring slavery and groups opposing it, that attempted to give something to both sides. The compromise admitted California to the United States as a “free” (no slavery) state but allowed some newly acquired territories to decide on slavery for themselves. Part of the Compromise included the Fugitive Slave Act, which proved highly unpopular in the North. Senator Henry Clay was a force behind the passage of the compromise.
 * Fugitive Slave Law - A law passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, which provided southern slaveholders with legal weapons to capture slaves who had escaped to the free states. The law was highly unpopular in the North and helped to convert many previously indifferent northerners to antislavery.
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin - An antislavery novel (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
 * Ostend Manifesto - A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act - The act of Congress in 1854 annulling the Missouri Compromise, providing for the organization of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and permitting these territories self-determination on the question of slavery.
 * Dred Scott Case - The case before the court was that of //Dred Scott v. Sanford//. Dred Scott, a slave who had lived in the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before moving back to the slave state of Missouri, had appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom.
 * John Brown's Raid - John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was an American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid of Harper's Ferry in 1859.
 * Election of 1860 - The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860 this issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single Southern state.

__Andrew Jackson:__
Wife Tachel (deceased) No children Cantankerous

__Martin Van Buren:__
Widower - 4 children Father of the Democratic party Elegant dresser Witty Poor decision maker

__William Henry Harrison__
Rechartering of the Bank of the U.S. Pubic meetings/songs/slogans in elections Wife Anna - 10 children Last president born a British subject

Wife Letecia (Died during term) Julia - 15 children Stubborn Aloof Aristocratic Independent leader

__James K. Polk - Democrat 1845-1849:__
Wife Sarah - No children Workaholic Accessible Devious Micro-manager Wanted to settle the controversy between the U.S. and Britain about Oregon Territory Wants to bring California into the United States

Tensions between the north and south as territory was aquired

Wife - Margatet - 4 Children Slovenly Poor speaker Never Registered to vote Relaxed mangaer

Wife: Abigail - 2 children Modest Amiable Avid reader Delegated authority

Abolitionist

=__Test Subjects:__=

8 Presidents Alien and Sedition Acts Louisiana Purchase Louis and Clark Political Parties War of 1812 Monroe Doctrine Andrew Jackson

=__Homework 4/8/09:__=

The Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka case was a case that helped end segregation in schools. Oliver Brown, an African-American, had a daughter Linda Brown, who was going to an all African-American school. Well Oliver Brown sued the school because of the separation of African-Americans throughout the school with other schools full of only White kids. Mr. Brown claimed that the school system was violating the 14th amendment, which states that all Americans have the right to an equal education. As a result, the Court agreed with Mr. Brown, saying that segregating schools was unequal, and that such segregation was denying the protection of the laws. Because of the efforts of Mr. Brown, the slow start of desegregation of school had begun, finally leading to the free, unsegregated school system we know of today.

1. Q. How many Supreme Court justices are there? A. Nine.

2. Q. What is the Supreme Court? What does it do? A. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the land, where what it says is law. It takes certain cases of much importance such as abortion, racism, etc., ad makes their stand based on the information give, just like a normal court case.

3. Q. What was the judiciary act of 1789? What is Judicial review? A. This was a law that created the Judicial Branch.

4. Q. What was the story of Marbury vs Madison? A. Marbury was appointed the Justice of Peace in the District of Columbia, but was not given his commission due to Thomas Jefferson ordering Madison, the new Secretary of State, to give it to him. Well Marbury took the case to the Supreme Court, in which the decided that delivering the appointment to Marbury was a purely ministerial function required by law, and therefore the law provided him a remedy, and that the jurisdictional issue was a constitutional one. Therefore, Marbury was given the right to become the Justice of Peace in the district of Columbia, but that the Supreme Court did not have the power to make Madison give the commision to him. =__Homework 4/1/09:__=

Q. Why did Jefferson want to explore the West? A. Jefferson wanted to explore the West because first of all, he wanted more land to add to the US. He had a vision of creating a great nation that would stretch from sea to sea, that would be bound together by a political concept, not by geography. He wanted to have an empire for the future generations where everyone would be bound together by the idea of liberty. Still, Jefferson was most likely the wasteful type, and so gaining more land to add to the US was probably his primary objective.

Q. Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery? A. Lewis was an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery because he has great character, great integrity, and truly marvelous insightful leadership. Although he did have some emotional problems, he got along well with his men, which is probably the most important aspect of a leader when you all need to depend on each other to survive.

Q. Why kind of man was William Clark? A. William Clark was a man who had the practicality always to be able to to find a solution, whatever the problem was. He had a powerful force of personality, he had a great capacity to deal with with the men as well, most of which who were not even educated. Not only that, but he because of his personality it seemed that Clark was the one who was able to keep Lewis going on through the whole expedition, as it was because of Clark that Lewis could have his strict discipline and his intelligence that kept all of the men together.

Q. Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition? A. Sacagawea was a Shoshoni(?) Indian, and acted as a guide and a person who could read the landscape fairly well for the Corp. She could speak Shoshoni, Minitari, and French, and so she was a very valuable addition to the Corp. She helped get them horses and supplies need to cross the dreadful Rocky Mountains, and also understood the land well and knew which things could be eaten. However, her most important role was probably that as a sign of peace, because with her everyone could see that the Corp meant no harm. Instead of carrying weapons like war parties, then traveled with a young girl and her little infant as well.

Q. What was life like for York, Clark's black slave, during the expedition? A. York had a great time on the expedition. He had his own rifle, he got to vote. He was a full member of the expedition, treated as an equal like everyone else, something that could not have happened back St. Louis or anywhere else, due to all of the segregation going on. During the expedition York tasted what freedom truly is, and he probably for the first time felt at ease with any other whites besides Clark. He was one of them, and not only that, but everyone saw him as a valuable addition to the expedition, not just some black slave with muscle.

Q. How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered? A. Well first of all, they wanted to find out about them for Jefferson. They also wanted to establish trade relations with them because that was going to be the founding of the empire for the United States. Finally, they wanted to say, “You are now part of the United States. You have a new Great Father,” because under the new land they were to all be united, and so it was always good to make new friends and allies. When the corp met with other Indians, they would talk, and give gifts to the Indians in an effort to make good relations and gain trust for future trading and alliances if they decided to join the new nation.

Q. What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover? A. They met tricky prairie dogs that they couldn't get to come out of their holes, hordes of incredibly annoying mosquitoes and other insects that wouldn't leave them in peace, some invincible and dangerous grizzly bears, and lots and lots of buffalo.

Q. What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition? A. One lesser known stories of the expedition is about the importance of whiskey on the expedition, where the Corp held a court martial and found a man guilty for stealing some of their dangerously low whiskey supply at the time, and gave him 100 lashes for it. There is also was the way in which Lewis and Clark named the new things that they found, in the end they just used all of the company members' names and also the surroundings to come up with a name. For example, the creek with nothing in it, Big Dry.

Q. What is the larger historical significance of the expedition? A. Because of the Lewis and Clark expedition, the way of life for the native Indians began to change, going from a dependency on the environment to a dependency to trading with the whites and such. As they slowly turned their backs on their former ways of life, they to were introduced into the industrial revolution. Soon after the expedition, trading with fur traders and such soon began, and slowly the ways of the natives were being lost forever. Still, it was because of this incredibly risky journey that the Discovery Corps went on that all of this new information was learned, from the natives living there to all of the various plants and animals to the physical landscape itself. It is because of this successful expedition that Lewis and Clark went on that the United States is what it is today.

=__Homework 3/16/09:__=

1. a. Some of the economic problems the new government faced included a huge debt of the nation. There was national debt, state debt, domestic debt, and foreign debt all from the Revolutionary War. Not only that, but the new country had divided opinions about how its economy should grow. b. The compromise was that Hamilton promised to convince northern members of Congress to move the capital, while Jefferson and Madison then agreed to gather support in the South for Hamilton’s debt plan. 2. a. Hamilton believed in a strong federal government while Jefferson wanted to protect the powers of the states. Their conflict reflected basic differences in their opinions about democracy. b. Because Hamilton was from New York and Jefferson was from Virginia, it is most likely that because of these places in which they are from Hamilton argued for a strong federal government because he was from the north where the capital was and such, while Jefferson was from the south, where laws made in the north were sometimes unfair to the southerners because of their jobs and land. c. I agree with Thomas Jefferson's idea about each citizen, where each citizen could work to better society because everywhere today you see people take some control and influence the government a little because it is the governments responsibility to protect and fit the needs of the citizens, and so each citizen DOES make some kind of difference. 3. a. Jefferson opposed the Bank of the United States because he thought that it would give too much power to the federal govenrment, and also because he thought that the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank. b. Loose constrution means that the federal government can take reasonable action that the Constitution does not specifically forbid, while strict construction means that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do. c. With a national bank the federal government could safely deposit its money, and the bank would also make loans to the government and businesses. =__Homework 3/9/09:__=

1. a. All of the electoral college voted for George Washington becoming president, and without their approval he never could have. b. She entertained guests, attended social events and ran the presidential household. 2. a. He made the custom of the President having a cabinet, the top advisers from the different departments of the U.S. b. It was made to create a federal court system. c. I think the most important part of the act was having the system of appeals. That way, even if one was convicted wrongly, or felt that they had an unfair trial and wanted another, they still could and overrule the previous sentence. 3. a. New York because it was one of the largest cities in the U.S., and there was much trade and business that was going on there. b. Now most Americans wanted to have a new system of government, one that was completely different from the one and England and one that was also fair to the people. However, since at that time most of the population consisted of farmers in rural areas, they wanted laws that would protect their property and themselves protected, and fair laws of trade. c. I don't think so because at that time it was the perfect place for the capital because of trade and population, but nowadays there are even more populated cites (i.e. LA, Las Vegas, etc.) and bigger trading spots and such than New York. Also, by having New York as the nation's capital might give New York as a state more power of more influence, which wouldn't be fair to the other states. 4. Washington's Decisions included deciding to run for president and choosing John Adams as his vice-president. Congress Judiciary Act of 1789 that set up the three courts, and together George Washington and Congress created the President's cabinet, which consisted of Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury, Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and Samuel Osgood as postmaster general.

George Washington: Federalist John Adams: Federalist George Clinton: Democratic Republican Thomas Jefferson: Democratic Republican Aaron Burr: Federalist Samuel Adams: Federalist =__Immersion 2/18/09: Ratifying the Constitution__=

=__Key Terms & People:__=
 * Antifederalists: People who opposed ratification of the Constitution
 * Federalists: People who supported ratification of the Constitution
 * Amendment: Official change, correction, or addition to a law or constitution
 * Bill of Rights: The first 10 amendments to the Constitution; ratified in 1791

= = =__Immersion 2/10/09: Forming a New Government__=

=__Key Terms & People:__=
 * Constitution - A document that represents the supreme law of the United States, states how the United States government will be run, and also enlists the basic rights that every citizen has.
 * Virginia Plan - A plan proposed by Edmund Randolph that gave supreme power to the central government, and also divided the legislature into two houses. The number of representatives would be based off of state population.
 * New Jersey Plan - A plan proposed by William Patterson that called for a one-house legislature, and in it each state would have an equal number of votes in federal government. It also gave federal government the power to tax all citizens in its states, and the power to regulate commerce.
 * Compromise - A settlement of differences by mutual concessions; an agreement reached by adjustment of conflicting or opposing claims, principles, etc., by reciprocal modification of demands.
 * Great Compromise - An agreement proposed by Roger Sherman that divided legislative branch into two sections, the House of representatives, where the number of members would be determined by the population of each state, and the senate, where every state would be represented by two members, regardless the population.
 * Three-Fifths Compromise - An agreement where three-fifths of the slave population in a state would be counted in the total state population when deciding representatives and such.
 * Electoral College - A body of electors chosen by the voters in each state to elect the President and Vice President of the U.S.

=__**Main Ideas:**__=


 * 1) Should the government's power come from the states or the people? I believe that the governments power should come from the people because the power of a state really comes from the population, and the people that live and lead that state. Without the people, states would just be an area of land without any meaning.
 * 2) Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? I believe that slaves should be counted as people in every way because they too had fought for the American cause, and just because their skin color is darker than the white men doesn't mean that he/she is any less of a person. Not only that, but I'm very sure that slaves want to have a say in the own country that they are living in, and support their country as people, not property.
 * 3) Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? Slave trade should definitely be outlawed, there is no justifiable reason why a human being should be subjected to such cruel treatment.
 * 4) Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch?I don't believe so, because even with a system of checks and balances, the leader could still slowly gain supreme control, and with one person holding dominant control of the military, the executive branch, and the nation itself, is too dangerous, as some presidents have shown in the past (i.e. Nixon, etc.)
 * 5) Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? The people because the president makes changes and decisions to help lead the people, not the congress. Also, the number of people in a country is greater than the congress, and so it will be harder to rig votes and will also satisfy more people with the election of the president.


 * King Philip - North American Indian chief: sachem of the Wampanoag tribe 1662–76; leader of the Indians in King Philip's War.
 * colonial militia - A militia made up of normally volunteers, who would defend their colony in times of need and such.
 * Fort Necessity - A fort in Pennsylvania where the battle of Fort Necessity occurred. This battle marked the beginning of the French and Indian War.
 * Treaty of Paris - This treaty, approved by the Congress of the Confederation formally marked the end of the Revolutionary war between America and England.
 * Chief Pontiac - A.K.A. Obwandiag, started Pontiac's Rebellion, a rebellion against the British after the French-Indian war where siege was lain upon Fort Detroit.
 * Proclamation of 1763 - Ensured Britain's control of France's territory in America, and made it illegal to buy or sell land west of the Appalachian Mountains.

1.Why did some Native Americans trust the French while other Native Americans trusted the British? A. Native Americans sided with both sides because of the trade that occurred between the two sides. However, the French were often trusted more because there were fewer settlements and they were also smaller than the one that England controlled.

2. Why did Great Britain and France have a conflict over the Ohio River valley? A. Great Britain believed that the land would be a good place to expand and colonize, and also to increase fur trade profit. However, the French believed that by doing so Britain would greatly affect their own fur trade.

3.What caused the French & Indian War? A. The defeat of George Washington at Ohio River Valley.

4. How did the map of North America change as a result of the French & Indian War? A. Britain gained control, of Canada, Florida and all of the land west of the Mississippi river except New Orleans and two small islands in the gulf of St. Lawrence.

5. What new resentments [ill-will] did colonists have of Great Britain after the French & Indian War? (See video) A. The colonists were angered at the Proclamation of 1763, as it denied westward expansion. The colonists believed that they had every right to settle westward, and thus by forbidding it they became very agitated. They were also angered about having British troops in the homes during the war, and also having to pay extra taxes because of it.

6. What common desire did both King Philip and Chief Pontiac share? A. They both opposed the colonist settling in their land, as by doing so it would have to force them out of their native homes.

All explorers may have different reasons for exploring, but they all have some things they share in common as well. The first similarity is that they in the beginning all worked or were deployed by kings, merchants of other athorities, as they did not have the funding to support their own voyages. Another similarity is that all of the explorers were all male. This may be because females were not held in high regard for exploring, and also because they were just not interested of had other duities in society they needed to fufil.

Now these are some of the similarities that the explorers all shared, but they all also had some differences as well. One of these is that various nationalities. Many of them came from Spain, such as Ferdinand Magellan or Fransisco Pizzaro, but many others also came from France or England, like Henry Hudson or Jacques Cartier. Also, The explorers are made different contributions and discoveries. After all, you can only discover one place only once!

These are the similarities and differences that the different explorers had with each other.