Leah

** How Did the Civil War End? **

Stonewall Jackson died from his wounds at Chancellorsville.
 * 1. a. What confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville?**

Hooker’s strategy was about to work but he hesitated and had his flanking troops take a defensive position at Chancellorsville. The next day, Lee and Stonewall Jackson attacked on the Union which almost cut the Union army in two. The Union attempted to form a defensive line but failed after three days.
 * b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville?**

The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War.
 * 2. a. What was the Gettysburg Address?**

The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the war. It stopped Lee’s troops (Confederates) from launching an attack in the North. Also, right after the victory at Gettysburg, Grant captured Vicksburg, Mississippi. These therefore, helped to end the South’s search for foreign influence in the war. After, Great Britain and France refused to provide aid to the Confederacy.
 * b. Why was geography importance to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg?**

The purpose of the Wilderness Campaign was to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.
 * 3. a. What was the purpose of the Wilderness Campaign?**

The capture of Atlanta was an important victory for President Lincoln because he needed a victory for the Union army to help him win re-election in 1864.
 * b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln?**

In early April, Sherman closed in on the last Confederate defenders in NC. At the same time, Grant finally broke through the Confederate defenses at Petersburg. On April 2, Lee was forced to retreat from Richmond. The Union cut off Lee’s escape and Lee could not break the Union line.
 * 4. a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse?**

As the slavery end in the South, the majority of former slaves had no homes or jobs. The southern economy was completely ruined. In addition, even the war was over, a huge amount of hostility remained.**
 * b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war?**

The War in the West (pg 522-525)

1. a. What role did Ulysses S. Grant play in the war in the West?** Ulysses S. Grant was a commander of forces in the Union’s western campaign. He was asked to lead defensive maneuvers but he chose to be on the attack. As a well-organized ma, he want the Battle of Shiloh which made a huge approach towards the Union’s goal, cutting off the Confederacy from sources of food production.

The Battle of Shiloh was the war which was the Union’s victory with the General Grant. This wasn’t an expected battle but very sudden. However, under the consequences such as early death of General A. S. Johnston, the Union could gain victory. After the war, the Union army also gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley which was their plan.
 * b. Why was the Battle of Shiloh important?**

In my opinion, President Lincoln would have approved most of Grant’s actions or decisions while battling the West. It is because they had to win. Grant was a great General for the war. He won most of the battles following and President Lincoln might just had belief in him.
 * c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West? Why or why not?**

Admiral David Farragut was a hero of winning New Orleans. To take over New Orleans, Farragut faced the two forts that were guarding others from entering New Orleans. However, it was impossible to destroy the forts that he decided to pass them with faster and stronger ships. Therefore, he wrapped his wooden ships with heavy chains hoping to work as ironclads and with mud to make them hard to see. Eventually, it was a success except for several scorched ships.
 * 2. a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory?**

As General Grant cut off the city with food productions, the residents and Confederate soldiers staved horribly and tried to survive by eating horses, dogs, and rats. However, it was harsh for them. Thus, on July 4, they surrendered.
 * b. How were civilians affected by the Siege of Vicksburg?**

By the Union victory at Vicksburg, the Union might again gained more control of the Mississippi River and felt pride in themselves because the Siege of Vicksburg was the exact plan for them to achieve.
 * c. What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg?**

The strategy for the Union was to first take control of the Mississippi River. This would cut off the Confederacy from food production in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas**.**
 * 3. Review your notes on Union strategy in the West. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to show the causes and effects of each battle.**

__Battle of Shiloh__ : cause : Confederates' sudden attack which wasn't expected effect : Gained more control of the Mississippi River __Fall of New Orleans__ : cause : This state was the biggest city in the South which was being a big burden that the Union wanted to take over the city effect : New Orleans fell __Siege of Vicksburg__ : cause : Vicksburg was geographically harsh ground to attack on. Thus, the Union cut off the people of Vicksburg from all the food supplies which automatically made them to surrender. effect : The residents and the Confederate soldiers starved to death and later surrendered. The Union gained almost complete control of the Mississippi River after this event.

 **Key terms** 
 * Why does the Civil War begin? **


 * Missouri Compromise** : an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress (South gets Missouri, North gets Maine)


 * Secession** : Separating from the United States (the states)


 * Compromise of 1850** : a series of bills passed to solve the territorial and slavery controversies arisen from the Mexican-American War (1846–1848)


 * Abolitionist** : the northern people who claimed that the slavery should be abolished


 * Fugitive Slave Law** : laws passed by the United States Congress in 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a public territory (when the slaves escape to north, the people those keep the slaves are wrong)


 * Uncle Tom’s Cabin** : an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War.


 * Ostend Manifesto** : a secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain


 * Kansas Nebraska Act** : In United States history, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.


 * Dred Scott Case** : a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants—whether or not they were slaves—were not legal persons and could never be citizens of the United States


 * John Brown’s Raid** : an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859, killed four people because they owned slaves


 * Election of 1860** : an election that fractured the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and brought Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single Southern state.

Manifest Destiny :

Texas Annexation :

Oregon Trail(Territory) :

Mexican American war :

Gold Rush :

Industrialism :

**Main Idea** 

The State's Rights Doctrine is important because it made sure that the US Constitution protects the rights of each state. The Missouri Compromise is significant for its use as a legal argument in slave freedom suits. The Compromise of 1850 is significant because it made both republicans and democrats happy. Also, the slavery was still alive just in a form of labor and non-rights. The Kansas-Nebraska Act is significant because it created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and most importantly, allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. The Dred Scott Decision is significant because it was an opportunity for abolitionists to win an early victory against the institution of slavery in US. Also, this bears directly on the Civil War. It strengthened and angered the Republican Party to the point where they were ready to fight in a war. Later, this war marked the end of slavery. The election of Abraham Lincoln set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. However, this election helped them to gather up a little bit and solve out the slavery issue.
 * 1. Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860).**

The Compromise of 1850 has settled down the slavery issue while South wanted to have slavery and North didn't. As the tension between the South and the North grew, Texas and California became the states without slavery and other states were allowed to have slaves still. By the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state, the United States could avoid war for pretty long time. However, the conflict grew again and caused the Civil War.
 * 2. Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850.**


 * Notes**

DEF : John Adams didn't like what he press was saying about him. Therefore, he passed an act which forbids the press. SIG : Declared it unconstitutional (violated 1st amendment)
 * 1. Aliens & Sedition Acts (1798)**

DEF : France (Napolean) sold huge amount of land to Us for $ 15 million. SIG : Doubled the size of US (people explored to the west)
 * 2. Louisiana Purchase (1803)**

DEF : 2 captain who explored the Missouri River to Pacific Ocean SIG : They mapped the west, established the relationship with Indians Sacagawea
 * 3. Lewis + Clark (1804)**

DEF : a group of people with the same ideology SIG : federalists (strong government, elite, north urban) --- democratic republicans (strong state government, slavery agrarian
 * 4. Political Parties (1800s)**

US vs Britain SIG : draw
 * 5. War of 1812 (1812)**

DEF : Europe is no longer welcome in West Hemisphere SIG : America sets foreign policy
 * 6. Monroe Doctrine (1823)**

7th president, set policy for Indians
 * 7. Andrew Jackson (1828) : Removable**



Monroe Doctrine **


 * Monroe Doctrine** : an United States policy passed on December 2, 1823, which said that further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the America would be viewed by the United States of America as acts requiring US intervention.
 * Louisiana Purchase** : an event that the United States bought 828800 square miles of the French territory in 1803.

Europeans had required the United States to form its own alliance of sorts by not seeking South America and opposing any French interference. However, Thomas Jefferson thought that it will be better for the United States to stay neutral. Therefore, he announced the policy, Monroe Doctrine. Thomas Jefferson made two major points. He first pointed out to the world that the colonization of America was now over. Then added, more attempts to extend their political systems into the western atmosphere would be considered as threat to the US. Also, he announced that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in North or South America and would avoid involvement in European affairs anymore.
 * 1. Identify the major exponents of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose.**

The Monroe Doctrine established foundational principal for future US foreign policy and represented the early routes of what would become key part of American foreign policy.
 * 2. How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America's relationship with other foreign countries?**

During the slave revolt, French army suffered a humiliating defeat that Napolean had to back away of his plan of a bigger and a new world. Instead, he spend more money to men and weapons to take over Europe completely. Awkwardly, he ordered to sell all Louisiana land to the United STates. This situation allowed the United States to gain the Louisiana Territory easily.
 * 3. Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possessions of the Louisiana Territory.**

** Brown vs. Board of Education ** In 1951, a group of Topeka (Kansas) parents asked for the school district to fix its policy of racial segregation in schools. One of the parents, Oliver Brown, was an African American who had a daughter, Linda Brown. She was a third grader of Monroe Elementary, a segregated school for African Americans. Harshly, she had to walk over six blocks to ride the bus to ride to the school, while Sumner Elementary, a white school was closer to the house. At first, Linda tried to attend the white school but she was refused of her skin color, basically. Holding this as an example, the group claimed that the school system had broken the 14th amendment which provided protection and freedom to all the American citizens. After all, the District Court agreed that the segregation of education was unconstitutional. Then, the African Americans were allowed to attend same schools with whites.

I definitely agree with the District Court’s decision. The only difference between African Americans and whites is the skin color. African Americans are one of the citizens of the United States and as it was stated above, the 14th amendment is completely destroyed by the segregation. Thus, African Americans also have the rights to go to same schools as whites.


 * The Supreme Court **

1. How many Supreme Court justices are there? There were six justices back then. However, these days there are total nine justices. **

2. What is the Supreme Court? What does it do? ** The Supreme Court is the highest and most important in the United States. It checks both executive and congress whether they are doing well on their roles or not. Also, it makes sure if their acts are constitutional.

The judiciary act of 1789 is a law that established the judiciary branch in the United States. Judicial review is one of the main roles of the Judiciary branch. The Judicial branch checks the decisions that the legislative (congress) and the executive branch made. If the decisions are unconstitutional, the Judicial branch can eliminate it.
 * 3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? What is Judicial review?**

Almost at the end of his term, President John Adams had held many federal appointments including William Marbury. However, the president had switched to Thomas Jefferson who refused to recognize his appointment. The Secretary of State, James Madison was the actual one to make appointments and refused Marbury's appointment. Then, Marbury got mad and tried against Madison. When the case got to the Supreme Court, chief justice John Marshall pssed the judiciary act of 1789 which was unconstitutional (go against Artical lll). This was the very first time for the Supreme Court to declare a law that is unconstitutional.
 * 4. What was the story of Marbury vs Madison?**

1. Why did Jefferson want to explore the West?** The reason Jefferson wanted to explore the West was that he wanted land. His mind planned the creation of a great nation that would stretch from sea to sea, that would be connected together by a political concept, not by geography, and his interest in the stories of the West. For example, as one of the smartest, he had tons of books about the West. However, those books weren’t so helpful. Those gave Lewis misconceptions of the West such as the stories of the Indians who have blue eyes and spoke a Welsh language which made Jefferson more attracted to the West.
 * Lewis and Clark Expedition

First of all, Lewis was a man of great character, great honesty, and excellent thoughtful leadership. Surprising, he was never easy with his own men and the Indians that he was meeting. It is not meaning that he was mean, but he behaved in a refined, proper, and a military manner. Therefore, he was an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery.
 * 2. Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?**

William Clark was older than Lewis. He was a cartographer who could always find a solution for whatever the question was. Plus, he was always in the center of Lewis, giving him the intelligence, power to make good decisions and to activate the plan.
 * 3. What kind of man was William Clark?**

Sacagawea was an indian young woman who was a Shoshoni (indian tribe), living among the Minitari. She lived without and sent far from the family when she was only fourteen. She was traded for many times and finally won by Charbonneau in a gamble. Then, she became a wife of his. When Lewis and Clark needed horses for their expedition, they hired Charbonneau to contact with Shoshoni through Sacagawea. Furthermore, she played an important role as a fairly good landscape reader.
 * 4. Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?**

York played an insightful and invaluable role during the expedition such as bringing food, putting up the captain’s tents, and etc. He felt very good with the journey. He was actually counted as one of the members of the team. Therefore, at the end of the expedition, he wasn’t pleased to go back to his original life.
 * 5. What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave during the expedition?**

When Lewis and Clark met the Indians, they wanted to get to know about them for Jefferson and create trade relationships. Also, Lewis and Clark tried to stop them from fighting each other but the Indians couldn’t understand.
 * 6. How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?**

Lewis and Clark discover a lot kinds of animals like prairie dogs, mosquitoes, grizzly bears, bugs, and buffaloes. First, as they tried to make the prairie dogs out of their holes they were completely ignoring and blocking them. Mosquitoes were just awful and deadly. However, the only way to prevent was the netting. Grizzly bears started to show up as they go through Montana. Lewis and Clark weren’t scared but very curious. Plus, they went through some hardships, facing the bugs. Lastly, Lewis and Clark were very happy to see the buffaloes because they could get plenty of food.
 * 7. What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?**

One of the rare stories of all was about whiskey. Unlike its rareness, it was very important on the expedition. Even they had plenty of whiskey, Lewis and Clark had to wait until they get far enough from the camp to prevent someone from lacking of liquid. Thus, every men actually knew exactly how much the whiskey was left. Another unknown story is how they named the landscapes they came across. As they come by a new landscape they were naming those by the members of the expedition. Lastly, there were one more unknown member of the expedition. It was Lewis' big dog, Seaman. Seaman was taken to every where Lewis went.
 * 8. What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?**

The expedition have changed the people in many ways. Most significantly, the people (including the Indians) were separating and becoming less dependent from the environment. Instead, they were paying more attention to the trading system and the military.**
 * 9. What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?**

Hamilton and National Finances ****

1. a. What economic problems did the new government face? **The new government had to pay off the national debts from the Revolutionary War. Also, it had to stabilize the banking system. Since it was right after the Revolutionary War, the problems they mostly faced was all about the economic crisis.** b. What compromise did Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? **Hamilton promised to convince the Northern members to move the capital. Jefferson and Madison helped Hamilton's debt plan by supporting the South. This caused the national capital to be Philadelphia for 10 years, then Washington DC which is still the capital of the United States. 2. a.What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? **Hamilton wanted a strong central government which can protect everyone's liberties by keeping any person from becoming too powerful. However, Jefferson disagreed that people have the right to rule the country and they certainly have the ability to make decisions for the country.** b. Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? **Hamilton was from the Northern part of the United States, while Jefferson was from the South. As we know, New York is very developed state that Hamilton was trying to promote manufacturing and business which worth more to his state. On the other hand, Jefferson, who is from Virginia believed that the farmers are the most important ones.** c. Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen's ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. ** In my opinion, the average citizen have the right to rule its own state. If the central government becomes more powerful like Hamilton's idea, it will not protect people's liberties but destroy them. It is because as the central government gets more power, it will definitely get selfish someday and try to force the citizens. However, the citizens can protect themselves from taking their liberties away. They might make some mistakes but still it would be better than having a strong central government.**
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3. a. Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the Bank of the United States? ** He thought that the creation of the Bank of the United States will give too much power to the federal government. Also, the Congress is not allowed to make a bank by the US Constitution.**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> b. What is the difference between loose construction and strict construction of the Constitution? ** Loose construction is that the federal government can take some reasonable actions unless it is specifically forbidden by the Constitution. However, strict construction think that the federal government can take nothing more, but the ones mentioned on the Constitution.**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> c. Defend Alexander Hamilton's stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. ** The new nation needs a national bank for a place to deposit their money, create coins, and get loans for their businesses. For the ones who wanted to protect the states' rights, Hamilton limited to a 20 year charter and created a bank in each states.**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 140%; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Washington Leads a New Nation **

The electoral college was a group of electors who represented the people's vote. This group chose George Washington in certain and John Adams became the vice president. She entertained guests and attended many social events with her husband, George Washington. Also, she kept the presidential household in style.
 * 1. a. What role did the electoral college play in George Washington's election to the presidency?**
 * b. What were some of Martha Washington's duties as First Lady?**

The Congress created departments in the executive branch. Then, President Washington met with the leaders or the cabinet members of the department. It was to set up or organize the federal court system or the court's location. The most important element was that it set up federal district courts and circuit courts of appeals, because the candidates could oppose the courts and judged about it.
 * 2. a. What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch?**
 * b. What was the purpose of Judiciary Act of 1789?**
 * c. What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why?**

New York City was the first capital of the United States, because although it had been badly damaged during the Revolutionary War, it was already recovering and also it had larger population than any other cities. Furthermore, New York City had bustling economy which grew and grew. <span class="runningtext1" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> They expected potential future of the new nation as they saw the growing number of population. They wanted their economy to be secure. In my opinion, New York City should still be the capital city of the United States because of its advantages, especially it is showing the great speed of develop and recovering.
 * 3. a. What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why?**
 * b. What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation?**
 * c. Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer.**

Washington's decisions : precedent, meet the head and the cabinet members of the departments Acts of Congress : create policies and procedures, make departments in executive branch <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 140%; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Key terms**
 * 4. Review your notes on George Washington. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to compare how Washington and Congress organized the new government.**

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**constitution** : a set of basic principles and laws that states the powers and duties of the government


 * Virginia Plan** : a plan presented by Edmund Randolph which made a new federal constitution that would give great power to the central government; legislature would be made of two groups of representatives according to the size of the states


 * New Jersey Plan** : a plan presented by William Paterson which called for one house legislature to stop the larger states from getting too much power


 * compromise** : an agreement or result of a debate


 * Great Compromise** : an agreement the delegates made to have two-housed legislature; same number (2) representatives in Senates and number depending on the state’s population in lower houses


 * Three-Fifths Compromise** : a compromise the delegates came up with the enslaved Africans, whether to count as the population or not; only three-fifths of a state’s slave population would count when determining representation


 * Electoral College** : a body of people representing the states of the U.S., who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president

<span style="font-size: 140%; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Questions** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1. ****Should the government's power come from the states or the people?** In my opinion, the government's power should come from the people. If the states have the government power and make decisions in a way they like, there can be many problems occurring. For example, the states' representatives are only minority of the whole population of the country that it might cause many protests. As every individual come up with their own idea, it might result in no compromise and disorganized government. However, if the states' representatives act like the individual, what is the difference? Even, it is not certain that the representatives will always come up a perfect decision for the people.
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Slaves must be counted as people for determining representation in Congress. What if two-thirds of the people in a state are slaves? The number of representatives of the lower houses depend on the population of the state; one-third of the people will be counted as the population in this case. Even if the state has a lot of people including the slaves, they will have to satisfy with only few representatives. Also, the slaves have the rights to be determined as people. They are the same human beings who have feelings and thoughts like us. Definitely, they were owned by whites and treated like animals back then. They may can be excluded from being the representatives who have power, but not from human beings. It evokes a question, what is the actual limit for having the qualification of becoming a representative and to have rights as human beings?
 * 2. Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress?**

The slaves have been the essential part of the trade for the long time. However, the slave trade must be outlawed and even force quit by the government. It is not only the problem of the rights of slaves, however is for the Americans, themselves. The people who don't have the basic thoughts of the human rights can not easily relate with other countries around the world. If Americans do not change their thoughts, then basically don't have the bright future. In addition, the right of slaves is another important problem which I mentioned over and over.
 * 3. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue?**

The executive branch should not be led by a single person, but by several different people. One person will have too much power over him and may do whatever he wants to. The story becomes completely different if the single leader is highly skilled and intelligent, and always make perfect decisions for the country. However, it is not certain if it's possible. Also, a single leader might have short-term effects, but result in long-term effects with several leaders. The leaders will have a chance to share their ideas and have an enough discussion before making the last decision.
 * 4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch?**

The chief executive (president) must be elected by the Congress. The people don't know much about who is the most skilled person and may vote a wrong person for their executive branch. The Congress must have seen the people who had been good or bad and know who is the best for the president of the executive branch. <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span class="runningtext1" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people?**