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=1. Fort Sumter= =2. 3 Events that lead to war= =3. secession= =4. first bull run= =5. Stonewall Jackson= =6. George McClellan= =7. Robert E. Lee= =8. 7 Days Battle= =9. Ironclads= =10. Anaconda Plan= =11. Vicksburg= =12. Shiloh= =13. Emancipation Proclamation= =14. Gettysburg Address= =15. Gettysburg 16. Picketts Charge= =17. William Sherman= =18. Wilderness Campaign= =19. Appomatox= =20. John Wilkes Booth=

How did civil war end? 1. a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? -Stonewall Jackson died at Chancellorsville after being shot by his own men by mistake.

b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? -When General Hooker’s strategy seemed to work, he hesitated and had his troops took a defensive position at Chancellorsville.

2. a. What was the Gettysburg Address? -The Gettysburg Address was a brief speech from Lincoln, and perhaps his most famous speech in which Lincoln vowed: "We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under god, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

//that this nation, under God, **shall**////**have** a new birth of freedom, and////that government of the people,// //by the people, for the people,// //**shall** **not** perish from the earth.////that this nation, under God, **shall**////**have** a new birth of freedom, and////that government of the people,// //by the people, for the people,// //**shall** **not** perish from the earth.// b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? -In the battle of Gettysburg, places like Big Round Top, Culp’s Hill, and Cemetery Hill gave a good vantage point, further more, on top of the hill, people could easily fire down at their enemy.

3. a. What was the purpose of the Wilderness Campaign? -The purpose of the Wilderness Campaign was to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.

b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? -Atlanta was the center of industry and an important railroad link in the south. It was also a major city. By losing Atlanta, the south suffered considerable losses.

4. a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse? -General Sherman took over some of the few and important industrializing cities such as Atlanta and Savannah in the south. In the battle for Richmond, Grant invaded northern Virgina and clashed with Lee's army. Both sides suffered heavy losses. However, the north had more people, therefore they could call for troops at any time. And Petersburg the gateway to Richmond, Grant broke through Lee's line of defense and marched on into Richmond. Lee retreated but Grant followed and Lee saw further fighting futile.

b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war? - South suffered a staggering loss of human life and more importantly, their economy was crushed. Wherever soldiers marched, they had left a trail of cities in ruins, abandoned plantations, and ruined farms. a.He was the commander of the forces of Union’s western campaign. b.So, Grant’s army and the Army of Ohio ,fought against the Rebel army of A. S. Johnston. And as a result the Union army gained greater control of the Mississippi River Valley. c.Lincoln would have approved Grant’s actions because, he was angry about the cautious, hesitant General McClellan who was not like Grant. 2. a. The victory at New Orleans was an important because New Orleans was the largest city of the Confederacy at the time, and is the the the the gateway to Mississippi River. David Farragut, he was unable to destroy the Fort, so he raced past them during the night by disguising the ships. b.They actually starved due to the lack of food. c.Now that they had control over the Mississippi River they were able to cut off the Confederacy’s food sources. 3. Cause: 1) the Union tried to siege the Vicksburg. They tried to make them starve till they surrender. 2) the Union was practicing and running drills instead of setting up defense. Battles: 1) Siege of Vicksburg 2) Battle of Shiloh. Effects: 1) The people and soldiers up there were starving to death and had to surrender. It was a great method of fighting. 2) The Union was sprang upon but they still won the war because of the general's great leadership. Missouri Compromise- The missouri compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and the anti-slavery factions in the U.S congress. The institution of slavery had been a divisive issue in the United States for decades before the territory of Missouri petitioned Congress for admission to the Union as a state in 1818. Since the Revolution, the country had grown from 13 states to 22 and had managed to maintain a balance of power between slave and free states. There were 11 free states and 11 slave states, a situation that gave each faction equal representation in the Senate and the power to prevent the passage of legislation not to its liking. The free states, with their much larger populations, controlled the House of Representatives, 105 votes to 81.

secession- the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. It is not to be confused with succession, the act of following in order or sequence.

Compromise of 1850-The **Compromise of 1850** was a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arisen from the Mexican-American Wa r.

The Fugitive Slave Laws- The **fugitive slave laws** were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a public territory.

Uncle Tom's Cabin- **Uncle Tom's Cabin**; or, //Life Among the Lowly// is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War.

Ostend Manifesto- The **Ostend Manifesto** was a secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain.

Kansas Nebraska Act- In United States history, the **Kansas-Nebraska Act** of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

Dred Scott Case- //**Dred Scott v. Sandford,**// was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants whether or not they were slaves—were not legal persons and could never be citizens of the United States.

John Brown's Raid- **John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry** (also known as **John Brown's raid** or **The raid on Harpers Ferry**; in many books the town is called **"Harper's Ferry"** with an apostrophe was an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee.

These all opened a new era for the African Americans. It all had an impact on the African americans. The president Abraham Lincoln brought them freedom, as he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The Missouri Compromise added another free state, and the rest of the supreme court ruling and the compromises brought hope and understandings that African Americans were getting to win personal freedom. The annexation of Texas and California brought a decision making, if both of them should be a free state or a slave state. However, as it was assigned a free state under the compromise of 1850, it showed how most of the states were becoming a free state. It brought innovation and revolution to the African Americans.
 * 1) Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860).
 * 1) Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850.

Monroe Doctrine- This was more like a refusal to England's offer of colonizing South America together, but it also set up some American foreign policys. The Louisiana Purchase- This was a HUGE amount of land bought from France with a bargain.

1.The major components of the Monroe Doctrine were that the colonization of America was over and that any attempt of the European countries to extend their political system into the western hemisphere will be regarded as a threat to the US. Also, it said that the US won't get involved in any European settlement or affairs. The purpose of it was to show the other countries that the US can stand on its own as a united country.

2.The Monroe Doctrine told other countries how the US can be independent, without other countries' care and attention. By this, other countries could no longer try to get involved in American colonies or settlement because it could cause a war with America.

3.Some circumstances that allowed the Us to gain posesstion of the Louisiana Territory were first of all that the US felt unsafe because France was telling Spain to give Louisiana back to them; the US could lose its Mississipi river again. Also, Napoleon decided to back up during the war with Spain, and he wanted to sell Louisiana for money to hire soldiers and buy weapons.

It was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Handed down on May 17, 1954 , the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This victory paved the way for integration and the civil rights movemet 1. There are nine supreme court justicies.

2. It is the head of the judicial branch and leads the federal judiciary . It consists of the Chief Justice of the United States  and eight Associate Justices , who are nominated by the President  and confirmed with the " advice and consent " 3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? what is Judicial review?[|http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/judiciaryactdef.htm]  It was a landmark statute  adopted on September 24, 1789  in the first session of the First United States Congress <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> establishing the U.S. federal judiciary <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">. The Supreme Court was given exclusive original jurisdiction <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> over all civil actions <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> between states, or between a state and the United States, as well as over all suits and proceedings brought against ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel

<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">This case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> by William Marbury <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">, who had been appointed by President John Adams <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> as Justice of the Peace <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> in the District of Columbia <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> but whose commission <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> to deliver the documents, but the court, with John Marshall <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim, the Judiciary Act of 1789 <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">, was unconstitutional

http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/marburyvmadison3.htm
==Homework: research __Brown versus the Board of Education__: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/brownvboard.htm and write a summary of the case(1 full paragragh).Describe what the case was in your own words and the courts ruling. Do you agree with the ruling? Why or why not? 20 pts,due Friday at the start of class Why did Jefferson want to explore the West? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jefferson wanted to explore to the west because he wanted a amiable relationship with the native Indians, and such amiable relationship will lead them to trade with them. Jefferson also wanted to discover new resources. Lastly, Jefferson wanted to settle all the controversies on what will be on the west of their colony. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">To ensure leadership if Lewis in any way became incapacitated on the journey, Jefferson suggested to Lewis that he recruit a co-leader. He was Thomas Jefferson's personal secretary. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; text-decoration: none;">Why did Jefferson want to explore the West? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jefferson wanted to explore to the west because he wanted a amiable relationship with the native Indians, and such amiable relationship will lead them to trade with them. Jefferson also wanted to discover new resources. Lastly, Jefferson wanted to settle all the controversies on what will be on the west of their colony. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">To ensure leadership if Lewis in any way became incapacitated on the journey, Jefferson suggested to Lewis that he recruit a co-leader. The American government also labeled Lewis as a lieutenant. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">What kind of man was William Clark? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">William Clark resigned his commission on July 1, 1796 and retired due to poor health. William Clark was born in <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Caroline County, Virginia <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, on August 1, 1770, the ninth of the ten children of John and Ann Rogers Clark <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sacagawea was the wife of a strange Frenchmen. She helped the expedition by communicating with other Indians. She was a <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Shoshone <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> woman who accompanied the <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Lewis and Clark Expedition Sacagawea was a major figure in the Lewis and Clark Expedition, guiding the group through many rough terrains and harsh conditions. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the expedition? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">York was not only a slave, but he was Clark’s childhood companion. It is told that Yotk had a great time in his expedition. York became a full member of the expedition, he earned a rifle, and he got to vote. <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Most significantly, at a time in which slaves were forbidden to carry weapons, York not only carried a firearm but also frequently shot game such as buffalo. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Over the course of the expedition, the Corps of Discovery would come into contact with nearly 50 Native American tribes. They let Sacagawea talk to them and they settled a very good and nice relationship. Some tribes had never seen a white or black man before Lewis and Clark. Others spoke bits of English and wore hats and coats they received from European sea captains. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover? <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">There were mosquitoes. There were buffalos. There were Grizzly bears. There were bugs. What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition? Larger historical significance of the expedition The larger historical significance of the expedition was that this was a journey. This was a journey that Lewis and Clark, and the others took across the America. The journey. Everyone can take the journey. We can all be Lewis and Clark and take the journey. This journey has a place for us. There is a place in this journey for us. 1. The Economic Problems was that they owed 11.7 million dollars to foreign countries and about 40.4 million dollars to U.S. citizens, and they weren't able to pay it back. Hamilton's plan was to consolidate northern members of Congress to change the captial city, while Madison and Jefferson agreed to gather support in the South for Hamilton's debt plan. 2. Jefferson wanted to protect the power of the states, Hamilton believed in a strong federal government. Jefferson came from Virginia and in Virginia is an agriculturally developed state.. However, where Hamilton comes from, New York, where economy on industry is developed. Jefferson stood up for the farmers while on the other hand, Hamilton stood for manufacturing and trade. 3. Jefferson opposed the creation of a the Bank of the United States because: he thought the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank, Jefferson believed in a strong construction of the Constitution while Hamilton belived in a loose construction of the Constitution. The difference between loose construction and strong construction of the Constitution is that in a strong construction of the Constitution, the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do while in a loose construction of the Constitution, the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution doesn't specifically forbid. We should have a loose construction of the Constitution, enabling the federal government to do certain things that is right for the well-being of this country. We should build our own national bank and mint, so we'd be able to make our own kind of money apart from the normal British money we still use till this day. 1. Describe What role did the electoral college play in George Washington’s election to the presidency? The electoral college elected George Washington as the president and John Adams as the vice president. Summarize What were some of Martha Washington’s duties as First Lady? Martha Washington and george washington entertained and fraternized with guests.. 2. Describe What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? President Washington and Congress established categories and branches in the executive branch that related to major subjects. Then, he assigned head of the department for each branch. Explain What was the purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789? The purpose of the Judiciary Act was to create three courts. Evaluate What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? The main purpose was to create the supreme court, where most large and crucial conflicts can be resolved. 3. Recall What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? The first capital was New York City, as it and Philadelphia were only two cities that had a lot of population. In addition, its blooming economy had an impact on its qualification as a capital city. Draw Conclusions What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? The Americans wanted basically freedom that they didn't have from the British. In addition, thye wanted more freedom in trade, and mostly fairest tax laws. Make Judgments Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? The capital city of the United States should be chosen by its safety from insurgency and several other dangers. As there is more population, there will be more crime. In addition, population and economy has no pertinence with the capital city. 1. Should the government's power come from the states or the people? The government's power should come from the people, however, the state should be representing those results as a whole, then the state power and the citizen's power will be well balanced. 2 .Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? According to the Declaration of Independence, all men are created equal and slaves are men, They have gone through the same process to become born. They should be treated equally as the white men. 3. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? Slave trade should be outlawed due to the civil rights of the slaves. They should be treated as equally as the whites, as they are considered the same species as us. 4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? A single person should be able to lead the executive branch, as the checks and balances system will prevent absolute power. 5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? The chief executive should be elected by the people because the country is a democracy. To follow that term, the citizens should be allowed to elect the chief executive==