Joanne


 * slavery
 * election of 1860 (did not want Abe Lincoln - Anti Slavery)


 * North wants to "strangle" the South


 * court house where the surrender took place

20. John Wikes Booth

 * plan to kill Lincoln --> later after the war, shoots him on the head 21. Ulysses S. Grant

= Page 536-543 =

1a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville?
 * Stonewall Jackson was accidently shot by his own troops, he died a few days later.

1b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? 2a. What was the **Gettysburg Address**?
 * Burnside's army experienced delays in crossing the Rappahannock River. These delays allowed Lee's army to reunite and entrench themselves around Fredericksburg. These attacks had heavy causalities and failed to break the confederate line.
 * The Gettysburg Adress is a speech by Abraham Lincoln, he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War.

2b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg?
 * Lee knew that he could win the battle if his troops captured Little Round Top from the Union forces. Lees troops could easily fire down on the line of Union forces. Union forces and Confederate troops fought viciously for control of Little Round Top.

3a. What was the purpose of the **Wilderness Campaign**? 3b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? 4a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at **Appomattox Courthouse**? 4b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war?
 * It is a series of battles designed to capture the Confederate capitol at Richmond, Virginia.
 * Lee surrenders
 * Many people in the North had been upset with the length of the war. However, the capture of atlanta showed that progress was being made in defeating the South. This success helped to convince Union voters to re elect lincoln in a landslide.
 * General James Longstreet told about the condition of Confederate troops. Lee recognized that the situation was hopeless.
 * Lee hoped to join other Confederates in fighting in North Carolina, but Grant cut off his escape just west of Richmond. Lee tried last minute attacks but could not break the Union line. Lee forces were running low on supplies.

**page: 522-525 ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-3**

1b. Why was the battle of Shiloh important? 1c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grants action in the west? Why or why not?
 * Grant was the cheif commander of forces in the Union's western campaign and he wanted to be on the attack, and he would get that wish. Grant had captured fort Henry and took Fort Donelson.
 * The battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle, in which the the Union army gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley. During the battle each side gained and lost lands.
 * I think President Lincoln would approve Grants action in the west, this is because Grant was a good general and he was tired of McClellan's cautiousness and Grant took bold actions.

2a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? 2b. How were civilians affected by the siege of Vicksburg? 2c. What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg?
 * Farragut had his wooden ships wrapped in heavy chains to protect them like ironclads. Sailors slapped Mississippi mud on the ships' hulls to make them hard to see. They launched burning rafts, but his fleet slipped by the twin forts and made it to New Orleans. The city fell on April 29.
 * Vicksburg's geography mad invasion all but impossible. The city could rain down firepower on enemy ships or on soldiers trying to scale the cliffs. Deep gorges surrounded the city, turning back land assaults.
 * The victory at Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two. Along with Lee's defeat at Gettysburg, helped the war in the Unions favor, and stopped the Confederacy from receiving any European help.

3. Battle of Shiloh: The Confederates attacked The siege of Vicksburg: General Grant’ troops began the Siege of Vicksburg in mid-May, 1863, cutting off the city and shelling it repeatedly.
 * 2 days of bloody battle, Johnston,
 * Both sides claimed victory, but, in fact, the victor was Grant.
 * On July 4, Pemberton surrendered. Grant sent food to the soldiers and civilians
 * Later claimed that the fate of the Confederacy was sealed when Vicksburg fell.

Gettysburg Address

- Lincoln says 1863 the slaves are free abolishes slavery
=WAR BEGINS 511-515 THEN ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS ON PAGE 515,READ;WAR IN THE EAST 516-521 THEN ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS ON 521= = Pg. 511~515 1a. What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? 1b. How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? 1c. Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer. 2a. How did women take part in the war? 2b. In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war? 2c. Why did men volunteer to fight in the war?
 * The attack on Fort Sumter, the first shot fired was fired from Fort Johnson.
 * Southern farms provided food for its armies; the south’s best advantage was strategic. Only needed to defend itself until the North grew tired of fighting. Wilderness covered much of the South; they found this land very difficult to cross. In Virginia many of the rivers ran from east to west, because of this they formed a natural defense against an army that attacked from north to south. As a result, Northern generals were often forced to attack Confederate troops from the side rather than from the front.
 * The North and South were rushed to war. Neither side was prepared for war. I feel like the Union soldiers were better prepared because they had many volunteered soldiers, and on a letter a union soldier sent to his friend had a hard schedule, they did drills from 7am to 8 in the evening. The union army also provided two people tents, the confederate army used tents captured from the Union army.
 * Women took part in the war by they helped make uniforms and raise money. Most of the women around 3,000 women served as nurses in the Union army.
 * . At first both sides did not have that many soldiers, so they had to gain some more soldiers. Later they got many soldiers (volunteers) but most of them didn’t know how to fight, so they had to teach them from the beginning. Both the Union and Confederate armies faced shortage of clothing, food, and even rifles. Most troops lacked standard uniform so they just wore their own clothes.
 * They volunteered to fight in the war for what they believed in. Some men wanted action and some wanted to save their homeland (southerners)

pg. 516~521

1a. List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. 1b. Why do you think the Union lost the **First Battle of Bull Run?** 2a. What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the **Battle of Antietam?** 3a. What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? 3b. Why were **ironclads** more successful than older, wooden ships? 
 * First Battle of Bull Run - Confederate victory; showed that the Civil War would not be won easily
 * Second Battle of Bull Run - Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia.
 * Battle of Antietam - inconclusive
 * The confederates had superior communications. A Confederate signal tower sighted the Union advance across Sudely Ford, and the Union attack at the Stone Bridge was revealed as a feint.
 * Confederate leaders made a plan and decided to spit up his army, but the Union soldiers found a copy of Lee's battle plan (left at an abandoned Confederate camp.) General McClellan learned that Lee had divided his army in order to attack Harpers Ferry. However, McClellan hesitated to attack. As a result, the Confederates had time to reunite.
 * 2b**. What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South?
 * The outcome was inconclusive but the North did win a strategic advantage. It stopped Lee from advancing further north.
 * 2c**. Why do you think General **George** **B. McClellan** did not finish off General **Robert E.** **Lee’s** troops when he had the chance?
 * I think General George B. McClellan did not finish off General Robert E. Lee because maybe he wanted to beat them with his own strength, like maybe he wanted to show that his troops are very strong and they have the power to defeat Robert E. Lee.
 * The union navy mobilized to set up a blockade of southern ports. The blockade largely prevented the South from selling or receiving goods, and it damaged the southern economy. The blockade was hard to maintain because the Union navy had to patrol thousands of miles of coastline from Virginia to Texas. The south used small, fast ships to outrun the larger Union warships. Most of the blockade runners traveled to Bahamas or Nassau to buy supplies for the confederacy. The Union blockade reduced the number of ships entering southern ports from 6,000 to 800 per year.
 * Ironclads are more successful than older, wooden ships because they are ships heavily armored with iron. Of course they will be more safer than wooden ships, wooden ships are easier to get "exploded" and since it is old and made of wood it will break easily. Steel ships will be in shape better.

=MR.C-LECTURE NOTES!! =

1. Manifest Destiny 2. Annexation of Texas 3. Oregon Trail 4. Oregon Territory 5. California Gold Rush 6. Mexican American War 7. Industrialism
 * People believe it was America's manifest destiny, or obvious fate to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy.
 * O' Sullivan coined the term in 1845, wrote that it was Americas manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole continent.
 * John Tyler, a pro slavery Whig wanted to increase the power of the southern slave states by annexing Texas.
 * His fellow Whigs disagreed
 * in 1844 the Whig passed up Tyler and chose Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky as the presidential candidate
 * The Oregon trail was one of the main serious overland migration route on the North American continent
 * leading from locations on the Missouri river to the Oregon Territory
 * The name applied to both the unorganized Oregon county claimed by both the US and Britain
 * The territory of Oregon was organized on August 14, 1848 by an act of Congress following the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain.
 * It included present day states such as Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Montana, and Wyoming.
 * began on January 24, 1848
 * Gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.
 * News spread resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the US.
 * Called forty-niners.
 * people took the Oregon trail
 * In the U.S. the conflict is often referred to simply as the Mexican War and infrequently as the U.S.–Mexican War.
 * an armed conflict between the US and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S annexation of Texas.
 * Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaways province and refused to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836.
 * period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain.
 * factories

=Key Terms & People=


 * Compromise
 * an act of congress where Missouri was admitted as a slave state, slavery was prohibited in the North of Louisiana purchase except for Missouri.
 * secession
 * The withdrawal of a state from the national union - southern states wanted to leave the union
 * Compromise of 1850
 * It admitted California to the US as a free state but allowed some newly acquired territories to decide on slavery for themselves. Part of it included the Fugitive Slave act, which probed highly unpopular in the North. Senator Henry Clay was a force behind the passage of the compromise.
 * Fugitive Slave Law
 * declared that all runaway slaves return to their masters
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * Anti-slavery novel
 * Ostend Manifesto
 * secret document, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. Debate over slavery in the US.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act
 * created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
 * Dred Scott Case
 * a decision by the US supreme court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the US and held as slaves, or their descendants - whether or not they were slaves - were not legal people and could never be citizens of the US.
 * Black Slave - went with his master to a free state
 * have to go back, took case to the supreme court
 * North - of course they are a citizen
 * supreme court - not a citizen, southern point of view
 * made the north angry
 * John Brown's Raid
 * advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. (1800~1859) (abolitionist)
 * mad man, wanted the debate to go on
 * murdered 4 ppl from the south that has slaves
 * eventually - got hanged
 * North says he was a hero
 * Election of 1860
 * set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860 this issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single southern state.
 * Lincoln

- Britain had profited from the breakup of the spanish monarchy in South America by developing a thriving commerce with the spanish republics. In 1823, George Canning sought to join with the United States and renounce any interest in acquiring any South American territory and declare opposition to any French interference with the south American colonies.

- The men negotiated with the French representatives and in the spring of 1803, the United states government agreed to buy all of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. The purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, but neither part knew the exact size of the territory or what it contained.

- The men negotiated with the French representatives and, in the spring of 1803, the United States government agreed to buy all of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. The purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, but neither party knew the exact size of the territory or what it contained.

Homework: __Brown versus the Board of Education__ This story is basically about Linda Brown a young black girl who goes to a school where there is only African American Students. At first lindas father enrolled her in the neighborhood school it got rejected, so they had to go to a nearby black school. So basically, the students in this school and the students in the regular white school were treated very differently. For example Linda had to walk around 20 blocks to her bus stop, but the white students they didnt even have to ride a bus, and their school was around 4 blocks away. Oliver Brown (Linda's father) thought this was very unfair, the ruling was said it is violating the fourteenth amendment. I agree with this because this is just very unfair.... just because of skin color their schools needs to be different and they need to be treated different. The fourteenth amendment was sort of created for African Americans.... and these school principals had just violated this amendment.

Supreme Court Justice

1. How many supreme court Justices are there? - Nine supreme court Justices 2. What is the supreme court?what does it do? - decide the fate of huge important events, a building with nine justices. 3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? what is judicial review? - It is the law that created the judicial branch of the federal government. The idea that the supreme court can settle disputes between states, the idea that a decision by the supreme court is final. 4. What was the story of Marbury vs. Madison? - It was the first time a law of congress was declared unconstitutional or in conflict with the constitution.





Some similarities that the explorers had were that most of the explorers treated the Native Americans very brutally. As i can see half of these explorers died because other people, or in war they got killed. For example, Giovanni Da Verrazano were eaten by the caribs, it shows that Ferdinand Magellan was killed in April, Vasco De Balboa was arrested for treason and was killed. The other half died basically because they were too old, or got a disease such as scurvey, or was very ill. The last similarity that i found was that few of the explorers went to find a quucker route to Asia. John Cabot wanted to find a quicker router than Columbus has charted. Some differences can be on why they went. Some of the explorers went to find gold such as Balboa, he hoped to find gold. Some wealthy Italian bankers and merchants who lived in France were interested in finding a western sea route to China. They hired Verrazano to help them. Some were planning to find a better route than anyone else. Juan Pnce de Leon heard of gold on the island of Borinquen (Puerto Rico) he conquered it and claimed it for Spain. Amerigo Vespucci dreamed that he would find out what the Earth looked like.

Key Terms and People: Constitution- A set of basic principles that determines the powers and duties of government Virginia Plan- The plan for government proposed at the constitutional Convention in which the national government would have supreme power and a legislative branch would have two houses with representation determined by stated population. New Jersey Plan- A proposal to create a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states rather than representation by population; rejected at the Constitutional convention Compromise- a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms-often involving variations from an original goal or desire [|Great Compromise] - An agreement worked out at the constitutional convention establishing that a state’s population would determine representation in the lower house of the legislature, while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature. Three-Fifths Compromise- An agreement works out at the constitutional convention stating that enslaved people would be counted as three-fifths of a person when determining a state’s population for representation in the lower house of Congress. [|Electoral College] - a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office.

Should the government's power come from the states or the people? · I think the governments power should come from the people. The people should get a chance to vote and also, it might be better if more people voted, rather than the less. Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? · Slaves should be counted as people, just because slaves are different from us, it doesn’t mean that they are not people. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? · The slave trade should be outlawed, this is because if this keeps on going on then more and more slaves will be captured. The slaves should also have the freedom to do what they want. Just because their skin color is different it doesn’t mean we can treat them like animals. They are still people. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? · No, a single person should not lead the executive branch or else it will be democracy. That person might think they have all the power, and use it whenever they want. If there were more people then they can discuss and come up with a better idea. If it was just one person, then they will just without discussion go with their idea. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? · The people should elect the chief executive because, everyone has different opinions and if more people vote, then it might be more accurate. Different people have different opinion on who will be a good leader.