Yun+Ji

HOW DOES THE CIVIL WAR END? 1) a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? During the battle, Lee’s trusted general, Stonewall Jackson, was accidentally shot by his own troops. He died a few days later. b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? The Union army defeated at Chancellorsville because the Confederate had two great general leader. Stonewall Jackson and Robert Lee was in lead them. However, the Union didn't have good general leader during this battle. (Hooker hesitated..) 2) a.What was the **Gettysburg Address**? b.Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? General **George Pickett** commanded the largest unit. **In late afternoon, nearly 15,000 men took part in**. **For one mile, the Confederates marched slowly up toward Cemetery Ridge.** Then Union reinforcements added to the barrage on the rebels.  3) b.In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? The loss of Atlanta cost the South an important railroad link and its center of industry. 4) a.What events led to Lee’s surrender at **Appomattox Courthouse**? The Union and Confederate leaders met at a home in **the small** **town of** **where** **Lee surrendered to Grant, thus ending the** **Civil War.** During the meeting, Grant assured Lee that his troops would be fed and allowed to keep their horses, and they would not be tried for treason. Then Lee signed the surrender documents. The long, bloody war had finally ended. b.What problems did the South face at the end of the war? The war ended but the Southern economy in ruins.
 * President Lincoln gave a speech called** **the** **, in which he praised** **the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed** **his commitment to winning the Civil War.**
 * a.**What was the purpose of the **Wilderness Campaign**?
 * Union troops** **launched the** **—****a** **series of battles designed to capture the Con****federate capital at Richmond, Virginia.**


 * The War in the West 522-525

1) a. Identify ** What role did **Ulysses S. Grant** play in the war in the West? In February 1862, Grant led an assault force into Tennessee. With help from navy gunboats, Grant’s Army of Tennessee took two outposts on key rivers in the west. On February 6, he captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. Several days later he took Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. b. **Explain** Why was the **Battle of Shiloh** important? The battle of Shiloh was important becuase Union army gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley. c.Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West? Why or why not? I think he approved Grant. Even he is Bold and restless. President Licoln was trust him very much, also Grant liked him too. They are really freindly. Lincoln trusted him, so he could lead armies.

2) a.How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? Farragut had his wooden ships wrapped in heavy chains to protect them like ironclads.The Confederates fired at Farragut’s ships from the shore and from gunboats. They launched burning rafts, one of which scorched Farragut’s own ship. But his fleet slipped by the twin forts and made it to New Orleans. b.How were civilians affected by the **Siege of Vicksburg?** General Grant’ troops began the in mid-May, 1863, cutting off the city and shelling it repeatedly. As food ran out, residents and soldiers survived by eating horses, dogs, and rats. c.What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg? The victory was from Grant.

1) a.** **Identify** What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? On April 12, 1861, Confederate guns opened fire on Fort Sumter. Then the Civil War had begun. Consider the North’s advantages. It could draw soldiers and workers from a population of 22 million. The South had only 5.5 million people to draw from. One of its greatest advantages was its network of roads, canals, and railroads. Some 22,000 miles of railroad track could move soldiers and supplies throughout the North. The South had only about 9,000 miles of track. The South put many brilliant officers into battle.The South’s best advantage, however, was strategic. It needed only to defend itself until the North grew tired of fighting. The North had to invade and control the South. To accomplish this, the Union army had to travel huge distances.Armies found this land difficult to cross. Also, in Virginia, many of the rivers ran from east to west. Because of this, they formed a natural defense against an army that attacked from the north to the south.
 * The War Begins Page 511-515
 * b.** **Contrast** How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy?

I think Union prepared best than the Confederacy. First of all the Union has more population than there. So they will have more arimies. Also the Union can make gun and any weapon stuff faster than the Confederacy. a.** **Describe** How did women take part in the war? They raised money, provided aid for soldiers and their families, and ran emergency hospitals. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive a license to practice medicine, organized a group that pressured President Lincoln to form the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861. Some 3,000 women served as nurses in the Union army.
 * c.** **Evaluate** Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer.
 * 2)

Both the Union and Confederate armies faced shortages of clothing, food, and even rifles. The problem with volunteers was that many of them had no idea how to fight. Schoolteachers, farmers, and laborers all had to learn the combat basics of marching, shooting, and using bayonets. So they need training.
 * b. Summarize ** In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war?

They would battle for its future. At the start of the war, the Union army had only 16,000 soldiers. Within months that number had swelled to a half million. Southern men rose up to defend their land and their ways of life. Union strength- industry/ weak- farming resources Confederacy strength- farming resources/ weak- industry like weapon...technological.
 * c. Elaborate ** Why did men volunteer to fight in the war?
 * **3.** || **Comparing and Contrasting** Review your notes on the preparations for war by the North and the South. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to show the strengths and weaknesses of each side in the war. ||

**The War in the East 516-521**
a. Identify List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. The First Battle of Bull Run was the first major battle of the Civil War, and the Confederates’ victory. The battle is also known as the first Battle of Manassas. It shattered the North’s hopes of winning the war quickly. Jackson’s troops met Pope’s Union forces on the battlefield in August in 1862. The three-day battle became known as the Second Battle of Bull Run, or the Second Battle of Manassas. The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War—and of U.S. history.
 * 1)

b. Elaborate ** Why do you think the Union lost the **First Battle of Bull Run?** The Union lost the First Battle of Bull Run because they were not god at fighting yet ( not trained). So they have to be trined befor going to War.

2) General Robert E. Lee decided to divide his army. He sent about half of his troops, under the command of Stonewall Jackson, to Harpers Ferry. And also the Union found a copy of Lee’s battle plan, which had been left at an abandoned Confederate camp. b. What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? Antietam was an important victory. Lee’s northward advance had been stopped.
 * a.** **Describe** What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the **Battle of Antietam?**

c. Why do you think General ** George ** ** B. McClellan ** did not finish off General ** Robert E. ** ** Lee’s ** troops when he had the chance? During the battle, McClellan kept four divisions of soldiers in reserve and refused to use them to attack Lee’s devastated army. McClellan was convinced that Lee was massing reserves for a counterattack. Those reserves did not exist.

a. What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? The Union navy controlled the sea. The North had most of the U.S. Navy’s small fleet, and many experienced naval officers had remained loyal to the Union. The North also had enough industry to build more ships. The Union navy quickly mobilized to set up a blockade of southern ports. The blockade largely prevented the South from selling or receiving goods, and it seriously damaged the southern economy.

b. Why were ironclads more successful than older, wooden ships? Ironclads were more successful than older wooden ships, ironclads were more stroger than wood. Also they have wepons, they use engine to move. So ironclads will be more faster than wooden ships.

1.MANIFEST DESTINY - **obvious fate, to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy.** 2.ANNEXATION OF TEXAS -A pro-slavery Whig, Tyler wanted to increase power of the southern slave states by annexing Texas. But his fellow Whigs disagreed. 3.OREGON TRAIL - **which stretched from places such as Independence, Missouri, or Council Bluffs, Iowa, west into Oregon Country.** 4.OREGON TERRITORY 347 the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain. 5.CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH - began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. 6.MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR - an armed conflict between the United States and Mexio from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province and refused to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836. 7.INDUSTRIALISM - **a period of rapid growth in using** **machines for manufacturing and production** **that began in the mid-1700s.**

Why Does the Civil War Start?
 * Missouri Compromise- an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
 * secession- region or group from the country or lager group to which it belongs is the action of formally becoming separate. They want leave the union.
 * Compromise of 1850- a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arisen from the Mexican American War.
 * Fugitive Slave Law- to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a public territory.
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin- //Life Among the Lowly// is an anti-slavery novel by American author Hariet Beecer Stowe.
 * Ostend Manifesto- secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain.
 * Kansas Nebraska- Act 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
 * Dred Scott Case- a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported in to the United States and held as slaves.
 * John Brown's Raid- a man of action -- a man who would not be deterred from his mission of abolishing slavery. (he murdered who is from the South and has slaves.)
 * Election of 1860- The central issue of the presidential election of 1860 was bound to be slavery. Abraham Lincoln elected.

Monroe Doctrine
Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose. The major components are no more future colonization, New Trality against europe, and no European interfrence in american affairs. To stop European influence in the Americas and to stop American influence in the Europe.

How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries? The Monroe Doctrine influence America's relationship with other foreing countries by power. America shows power to other foreign countries so it became most powerful country.

Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory. America bought Louisiana Territory from Europe. With the money paid for the Louisiana territory Napoleon had intended to construct a system of canals; but war broke out almost immediately, and by another of the curious turns of fate which accompanied the whole affair, this money was spent by Napoleon in preparations for an invasion of England which never took place.

Supreme Court
1. How many Supreme Court justices are there?

9 peoples
2. What is the Supreme Court? What doest it do?

They vote some big issues.
3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? What is Judicial review?

Law that created the Judicial branch of the federal government.
4. What was the story of Marbury vs Madison? Marbury v. Madison, is important because it was the first time a law of Congress was ever declared unconstitutional, or in conflict with the Constitution. John Marshall was the first very influential Chief Justice. It begins with Alexander Hamilton who is fderalist and Thomas Jefferson who is Democratic Republican. When George Washington retired, his viece president John Adams succeeded him. Adams was federalist. Jefferson elected in November 1800. At that time, the new president didn't take office until March 4 of the following year. So Adams had a few months to try to get things done before Jefferson took over. Now, the normal practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice, of appointment. This was normally done by the Secretary of State. Jefferson's Secretary of State at the time was James Madison, Jefferson didn't want all those Federalist judges, so he told Madison not to deliver the commission. and the rest of the Supreme Court decided that the power to deliver commissions to judges, since it was part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and //not// part of the Constitution itself, was in conflict with the Constitution and, therefore, illegal. Further, the //entire// Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal because it gave to the Judicial Branch powers not granted to it by the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republicans passed and made into law, the Supreme Court always had the ultimate check on that legislative and executive power. John Marshall, in appearing to lose the political battle, won the political war.

__ Brown versus the Board of Education __

Thomas Jefferson was a champion of universal education for all citizens, but in the culture in which he wrote, black slaves were not considered citizens. Jefferson saw the institution of slavery as an evil, even though he continued the practice of slave ownership. Jefferson's own contradictory actions toward his slaves were symbolic of the paradox that would describe race relations and equality in education for African-Americans. The nation would have to suffer through a bloody civil war and over one hundred years of racial strife to arrive at a time when a more equitable education could be available to all Americans.

Linda Brown was an eight year old black child who had to cross Topeka, Kansas to attend grade school, while her white friends were able to attend classes at a public school just a few blocks away. The Topeka School system was segregated on the basis of race, and under the separate but equal doctrine, this arrangement was acceptable and legal. Linda's parents sued in federal district court on the basis that separate facilities for blacks were inherently unequal. The lower courts agreed with the school system that if the facilities were equal, the child was being treated equally with whites as prescribed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Browns and other families in other school systems appealed to the Supreme Court that even facilities that were physically equal did not take into account "intangible" factors, and that segregation itself has a deleterious effect on the education of black children. Their case was encouraged by the National Association For the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and was argued before the Supreme Court by Thurgood Marshall, who would later become the first black justice on the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court ruled unanimously to end racial segregation in public schools. I really agree with this rule because they have doctrine of "separate but equal." Which means they should treat equal as white chirldren. The black chirldren, they didn't done any wrong things. But white men treats them as a slave. I don't know why they do human discrimination. So all living natures should be equal. Not only school education problem, they also issued with treatment problems. .

Jefferson want to explore the West, because Jefferson wanted more land. Although, That would be bound together by a political concept, not by commerce. The commerce was gonna go down in New Orleans. They couldn’t imagine a train, or an automobile, or a truck. But it would be bound together by a political idea, the idea of liberty. And he wanted to spread that liberty all the way out to the West Coast and make this one great nation, joined together by democratic principals as expressed in his Northwest Ordinance.
 * The Questions** [|Why did Jefferson want to explore the West?]

[|Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?] Lewis was Thomas Jefferson’s right hand man in the White House.Lewis was a man fraught with with serious emotional problems but also a man of of great character, great integrity, truly marvelous insightful leadership.He is Thomas Jefferson’s eyes and ears in the West, and Jefferson trusted Lewis. He is known as Corps of Discovery because he explore Louisiana. [|What kind of man was William Clark?] Clark was the the man who had the practicality always to be able to to find a solution, whatever the problem was. He was great map maker.He seemed to know what was the most logical direction for a river to take, once it got out of his line of sight. [|Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?] Sacagawea played an important role, not as a guide as she’s been mythologized into, but as a person who could read the landscape fairly well. She could read rivers. She could read a valley. She had a sense of what the landscape said about direction and where they, where they were going. Sacagawea being a Hidatsa term meaning “Birdwoman.” She guided Lewis and Clark. [|What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the expedition?] York was Clark’s childhood companion. He was a slave. Risking his life to save Clark in a flash flood on the Missouri River near Great Falls in present-day Montana. Going out and hunting and bringing in the game. Putting up the captain’s tents, managing the sails, plying his oar, doing all the things that everyone else did. He got to vote. He was a full member of the expedition. He had a, the Indians loved him, and the Indian women especially loved York and he took full advantage of that so that on many occasions York would be missing that night and he would be in the lodge with one of the Indians. Sometimes with the Indian husband standing guard while the business was completed. [|How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?] The traveling medicine show worked like this, first there was a parade in which European style technology was shown off. You wanted to show Indians uniforms and guns and the objects of the industrial revolution to impress them and then you wanted to show Indians trade goods and so the great country store was wheeled out. You wanted to show Indians all of those objects that they might gain if they became part of an industrial world that grew out of St Louis. And so, first the parade and then the country store and then came the serious negotiation because Lewis and Clark represented in the traveling medicine show not only military power, commercial power, but also diplomatic power. [|What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?] They discover prairie dogs,grizzly bears, Mosquitoes. and buffalo. They couldn’t believe the lifestyle of the prairie dog and they went to one of holes and they kept pulling up water, gallons and gallons and gallons of water, and pouring it down that hole trying to force that prairie dog out of there. Mosquito was very troublesome. Grizzly bears were a Plains animal. It was, it was bountiful in wildlife as today it is a desert of wildlife, it is a bountiful today of growing food and of cattle, but it is a desert of wildlife of what Lewis and Clark once saw. [|What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?] Lewis brought along a Newfoundland dog.It did one time scare a buffalo bull out of the campsite that it sort of blundered into the, into the campsite. But he took it with him everywhere he went and it was a member of the expedition. They came across a creek that had just a tiny bit of water. Teapot Creek, ’cause it only had enough water to fill a teapot. They came across another creek that had nothing in it. Big Dry. Then they had a campsite where a buffalo bull came, emerged out of the Missouri River and rampaged around the camp until Lewis’s dog scared it off.

[|What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?] After all, Lewis and Clark didn’t start the western fur trade. They don’t pioneer a route that other overland immigrants will use. Those routes are pioneered by others. Lewis and Clark don’t provide the legal framework for an American claim to the Pacific Northwest, that came from other travelers. Our life is Journey.

1. a) What role did the electoral college play in **George Washington’s** election to the presidency? Each of the 11 states that had passed the Constitution sent electors to choose the first president. These delegates formed a group called the electoral college. The electoral college selected Washington unanimously, and John Adams became his vice president. b)What were some of **Martha** **Washington’s** duties as First Lady? Washington’s wife, First Lady **Martha Washington**, entertained guests and attended social events with her husband. She described the scene to her niece: “I have not had one half-hour to myself since the day of my arrival.” She ran the presidential household with style. 2. a)What **precedent** did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? The First Congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Washington met with the department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him. b)What was the purpose of the **Judiciary** **Act of 1789**? To set up the federal court system and the courts’ location. c)What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why? The president nominated candidates for federal judgeships. Those candidates then had to be approved or rejected by the Senate. 3. a)What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? New York City was the first capital of the United States, and it represented the spirit of the new nation. New York City had a bustling economy. International trade and business became more active. A French visitor to New York City noted the city’s energy. b)What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? They wanted improved trade, free from too many restrictions. But they also expected the government to protect them and to keep the economy stable. c)Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. No, US can't be bustling economy. They have to be politic country, so New York City shouldn't be the capital city.

1. a)What economic problems did the new government face? New goavernment face the money problem. During the war the government raised money with bonds. The government could not afford to keep this promise. b)What compromise did **Alexander** **Hamilton**, **Thomas Jefferson**, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? Southern officials wanted to change the location of the nation’s capital. Many southerners thought that having the capital in New York gave the northern states too much influence over national policy. Hamilton promised to convince northern members of Congress to move the capital. Jefferson and Madison then agreed to gather support in the South for Hamilton’s debt plan. 2.a)What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? Hamilton and Jefferson did not cooperate for long. Instead, they began to disagree about how to define the authority of the central government. Hamilton believed in a strong federal government. Jefferson wanted to protect the powers of the states. b)Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? Hamilton and Jefferson also fought over how the country’s economy should grow. Hamilton wanted new forms of economic growth. He wanted to promote manufacturing and business. c.)Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. I agreed with Hamilton. Jefferson is antifederalist, becaust of that they had civil war. 3.a)Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the **Bank of the United States**? Jefferson thought that the elastic clause should be used only in special cases. He wrote to President Washington, “The Constitution allows only the means which are ‘necessary,’ not those which are merely ‘convenient.’” Jefferson believed in strict construction of the Constitution. b)What is the difference between **loose** **construction** and **strict construction** of the Constitution? loose constuction-means that the federal govornment cant take reasonable actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid. strict construction- people who favor strict constitution think that that federal govornment should do only what the constitution speciafically says it can do. c)Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. Hamilton knew that people who wanted to protect states’ rights might have a strong reaction to the idea of a national bank, so he suggested limiting it to a 20-year charter. After that time Congress could decide whether to extend the charter. Hamilton also asked each state to start its own bank so the national bank would not have a monopoly.

-Similarities The explorers have to sponsor by King or Queen. Although they searching for new world. All of explorers looking for riches even they’re just searching for new world because King wants it. -Differences They had two types of exprolers like businessmen (sailor) or conquestor (privateer). For conquestor Cortes was one who destroyed Aztec. And Amerigo was one of businessmen. Although, some of explorers tried get friendly with Natives. But some of exprolres was fought with them.

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[|Electoral College] ([|Frequently Asked Questions])-group of people who come together to elect the President and Vice-President, based on the votes of people in each state.======

The government's power should come from the people. The government is elected most by the people, so power is come from them. 2. Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? Slaves should be counted as representation in Congress, because they wrote in Declaration of Independence "That all men are created equal". So slaves are equal. 3. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? No, the slave trade should be outlawed, because that is not right. All people should be free (equal), so we shouldn't trade the slave. 4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? It is not practicable for the executive branch of government to be headed by anything other than a single person. The President has advisors in the form of heads of departments, but the responsibility for all executive actions rests ultimately and finally on his own shoulders.
 * Main Idea**
 * 1) Should the government's power come from the states or the people?

5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? The chief executive should be electecd by the people. It's because the chief executive have to lead them So they should decide who could be the good president.