Christina+Suh

=Civil War Vocabulary=

1. Fort Sumter 2. 3 events that leads to war 3. Secession 4. First Bull Run (Confederates won) 5. Stonewall Jackson 6. George McClellan 7. Robert E. Lee 8. 7 Days Battle (Confederates won) 9. Ironclads 10. Anaconda plan 11. Vicksburg 12. Shiloh (The Union won) 13. Emancipation Proclamation 14. Gettysburg Address 15. Gettysburg 16. Pickets Change 17. William Sherman 18. Wilderness Campaign 19. Appomattox 20. John Wilkes Booth (The person who assassinates Lincoln) 21. Reconstruction (Period after the Civil War)

=HOW THE CIVIL WAR ENDED -p. 536~543=

1. a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? -Lee’s trusted general, Stonewall Jackson, died from his wounds at Chancellorsville.

b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? -Even though Hooker’s strategy seemed about to work, he hesitated and had his flanking troops take a defensive position at Chancellorsville.

2. a. What was the Gettysburg Address? -The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War.

b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? -In Gettysburg, there were places such as Big Round Top, Culp’s Hill, and Cemetery Hill. From the hills, they could easily fire down at their opponents and easily get them.

3. a. What was the purpose of the Wilderness Campaign? -The Wilderness Campaign was a series of battles designed to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.

b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? -Atlanta was a very important city in the South. The loss of Atlanta cost the South an important railroad link and its center of industry.

4. a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse? -General Sherman (Northern general) seized over crucial industrializing cities such as Atlanta and Savannah. Also, Grant finally broke through the Confederate defense at Petersburg and forced Lee’s army to retreat from Richmond. And when Grant’s army surrounded Lee’s army, he found the situation completely hopeless. These major events soon led to Lee’s surrender.

b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war? -The southern economy was in ruins, and many southern people lost their lives.

=p. 522-525: Section 3) The War in the West=

__p.525) Assessment #1~3__

1. a. What role did Ulysses S. Grant play in the war in the West? - Ulysses S. Grant was a war hero of the North in the war in the West. In February 1862, Grant led an assault force into Tennessee. With help from navy gunboats, Grant’s Army of Tennessee took two outposts on key rivers in the west. On February 6, he captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. Several days later he took Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River.

b. Why was the Battle of Shiloh important? -Because the Union army gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley.

c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West? Why or why not? - I believe President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions in the west. Grant was very decisive and bold. Lincoln would have known that Grant will be the one who achieved all the victories in the West.

2. a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? -With 18 ships and 700 men, Admiral David Farragut approached the two forts that guarded the entrance to New Orleans from the Gulf of Mexico. Unable to destroy the forts, Farragut decided to race past them. Farragut had his wooden ships wrapped in heavy chains to protect them like ironclads. Sailors slapped Mississippi mud on the ships’ hulls to make them hard to see. Trees were tied to the masts to make the ships look like the forested shore. Before dawn on April 24, 1862, the warships made their daring dash. His fleet slipped by the twin forts and made it to New Orleans. The city fell on April 29. It was an important victory because the port of New Orleans was the largest city in the Confederacy and the gateway to the Mississippi River.

b. How were civilians affected by the Siege of Vicksburg? -The civilians could not eat due to the shortage of food, so they had to eat horses, dogs, rats, or any other animals available to survive.

c. What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg? -Most people may have realized that the South was incapable of winning the war against the North.

3. Review your notes on Union strategy in the West. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to show the causes and effects of each battle. -The Confederates tried a surprise attack. -The Union army was on its way down the Mississippi, and needed to cross New Orleans. -To starve the city to surrender.
 * Cause**

Battle of Shiloh The battle in New Orleans (No specific name) The Siege of Vicksburg
 * Battles**

the Union army gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley. The fall of New Orleans The starved civilians and soldiers surrendered.
 * Effect**

=WHY DOES THE CIVIL WAR BEGIN?=

Key Terms & People

 * __**Missouri Compromise**__ - (1820) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36°30´ latitude
 * __**Secession**__ - the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, esp. a political state
 * __**Compromise of 1850**__ - a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arisen from the Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
 * __**Fugitive Slave Law**__ - laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a public territory.
 * __**Uncle Tom's Cabin**__ - an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War.
 * __**Ostend Manifesto**__ - a secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain.
 * __**Kansas Nebraska Act**__ – (1854) created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
 * __**Dred Scott Case**__ - a decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants—whether or not they were slaves—were not legal persons and could never be citizens of the United States. It also held that the United States Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The Court also ruled that because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court. Lastly, the Court ruled that slaves—as chattel or private property—could not be taken away from their owners without due process.
 * __**John Brown's Raid**__ - an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee.
 * __**Election of 1860**__ - this set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states’ rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860 this issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single Southern state. The immediate result of Lincoln's victory was declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by the then-current President, James Buchanan and President-elect Abraham Lincoln.

**Main Ideas**
1. Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860). - The States’ Rights Doctrine was important because it made clear that the U.S. Constitution from interference protects the rights of the individual states by the federal government. The Missouri Compromise was important because it was a compromise on whether to allow slavery in the new territory of Missouri that pleased neither side and led to violence. It started the wheels in motion for the Civil War. The Compromise of 1850 was significant because it temporally settled the disputes taking place between the free states and the slave states, and delayed the Civil War from happening earlier. The Kansas Nebraska Act was crucial because the act caused the Whig Party to split into northern and southern branches. The northern branch wanted to end slavery and the southern branch wanted slavery to continue. The Democratic Party was also divided into northern and southern branches, just like the Whig Party. The significance of the Dred Scott Decision is that it moved the country to the brink of Civil War. To add up, all these happenings are related to the Civil War, and most of them acted as triggers of Civil War.

2. Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850. - The Compromise of 1850 was used to settle the disputes between the North and the South about slavery issues. The South depended and supported on continuing slavery, but the North wanted the slavery to end. To satisfy both sides, Texas and California became a free state (without slavery) and other new states were permitted to continue with slavery. This delayed the Civil War, which was a war caused by the disagreement between the North and the South, but only for another decade because the South was not happy about it.

= = =The First 5 Presidents Lecture=

(The New Nation: 1789-1830)
__1. Alien: Sedition Acts (1789)__ -Def. : John Adams didn't like what the press is saying about him. Passes an act which foribids the press. -Sig. : Declared it Unconstitutional. Violated 1st Amendment

2. Louisiana Purchase (1803) -Def. : France (Napoleon) sold huge amount of land to US for 15 million -Sig. : Doubled size of US - People explore

3. Lewis & Clark (1804) -Def. : 2 captains who explored The Missouri River to Pacific Ocean -Sig. : They mapped the west, established the relationship with Indians, discovered various species of animals & plants

4. Political Parties (1800) -Def. : A group of people with the same ideology -Sig. : Federalists (The government, elite, north urban) <ㅡ> Democratic-Republicans (State gov., slavery, agrarian)

5. War of 1812 -US vs. Britain- -Sig. : The war was a draw. (US wins) (US a force in the world)

6. Monroe Doctrine (1823) -Def. : Europe is no longer welcome in West Hemisphere -Sig. : America sets Foreign Policy.
 * Missouri Compromise

7. Andrew Jackson: Indian Removal (1828) -7th President -Set policy for Indians

First 7 Presidents
1. George Washington (F) 2. John Adams (F) 3. Thomas Jefferson (DR) 4. James Madison (DR) 5. James Monroe 6. John Quincy Adams 7. Andrew Jackson

=The Monroe Doctrine= __*Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose.__ -First, the United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations. Second, the United States would recognize, and not interfere with, colonies that already existed in North and South America. Third, the Western Hemisphere was to be off-limits to future colonization by any foreign power. Fourth, the United States would consider any European power’s attempt to colonize or interfere with any nation in the Western Hemisphere to be a hostile act.

__*How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries?__ -At the time, since the Monroe Doctrine was not a treaty or a law, it drew little attention either in the United States or abroad. However, Monroe’s Doctrine gave voice to a spirit of patriotism in the United States and did eventually become one of the cherished principles of American foreign policy.

__*Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory.__ -By 1803, the French army had suffered a humiliating defeat during a slave revolt in Saint Domingue and Napoleon’s plans to conquer Europe demanded more men, money, and weaponry than anticipated. These events forced the French ruler to alter plans to expand the French empire into America. Napoleon was no longer concerned with developing sugar plantations in the New World—he needed troops for European battles and money to support his conquest. Napoleon withdrew his soldiers from America and the surrounding islands and ordered Talleyrand to offer all of Louisiana to the Americans.

=Brown versus the Board of Education= This court case was mainly concerned about the segregation between the whites Americans and the African-Americans. Oliver Brown, an African-American, sued the school system in Topeka, Kansas. Oliver Brown had a daughter named Linda Brown. It took Linda a very long time to get to her school, which was a school for only African-Americans. However, there was a school for white children near her house. Linda's parents tried to enroll Linda to schools nearer than the segregated school that she was attending, but the enrollments were always refused. Oliver then sued the school system as a violation of the 14th Amendment that granted all Americans to have equal protection, which the meaning could also be extended to the right of equal education. The Supreme Court decided that it was unconstitutional to segregate schools between white Americans and African-Americans. I personally agree with the decision that the Supreme Court had made. It is not right to segregate people by their skin colors. We all have the right to be treated equally, and this includes the equal treatment when it comes to education.

=THE SUPREME COURT= 1. How many Supreme Court justices are there? - There are currently nine Supreme Courts justices. 2. What is the Supreme Court? What does it do? - The Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the U.S. It takes judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. 3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? What is judicial review? - The Judiciary Act of 1789 was law that created the Judicial Branch of the federal government. A judicial review is the power that the judicial branch has. The judicial branch can annul decisions made by the executive and the legislative branch if considered unconstitutional. 4. What was the story of Marbury vs. Madison? -- John Adams, at the end of this presidency, appointed Marbury as “Midnight Judges.” He was a federalist like John Adams. However, the next president, who was Thomas Jefferson, an anti-federalist, didn't want many federalist like Marbury in his court. Therefore, Jefferson assigned James Madison to not deliver the notice of the appointment. When Marbury found this out, he sued Madison for not delivering the notice. This was the first time that the Supreme Court ever declared unconstitutional of what the other branches had done. This shows the first example of a Judicial review.

=LEWIS & CLARK=
 * The Questions**

__Why did Jefferson want to explore the West?__ -First, although Thomas Jefferson already had hundreds and thousands of land, Jefferson wanted more land. He was a man with great ambition, and a typical Virginia planter. Virginia planters never had enough land. Second, Jefferson had a mind that covered the continent and he foresaw the creation of a great nation that would stretch from sea to sea, which would be joined together by a political idea, not by geography. The political idea here means liberty. Jefferson wanted to spread that liberty all the way out to the West Coast and make this one great nation.

__Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?__ -Lewis was a man of great character, great integrity, and had marvelous insightful leadership. Lewis was also Thomas Jefferson’s right hand man in the White House. He lived in the White House, with Jefferson, just the two of them. Before exploring the West, Lewis had successfully accomplished numerous jobs that Jefferson gave him. This is why Jefferson had trusted Lewis enormously, and gave him the important job of exploring the West.

__What kind of man was William Clark?__ -Clark was the man who had the practicality always to be able to find a solution, whatever the problem was. It was Clark’s force of personality, his capacity to deal with the men, all of who were not formally educated. Clark was a man who you could count on; that is why Lewis suggested Clark to be a co-captain in the expedition. Also, Clark was an excellent mapmaker.

__Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?__ -Sacagawea was a Shoshone woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, in their exploration of the Western United States. She was important throughout the expedition because she was the one who had enabled the expedition to continue daily. Not only she could read the landscape fairly well and had a sense about what could be eaten along the way.

__What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the expedition?__ -York had a great time on the expedition. Indians loved York. Especially, Indian women loved York and took full advantage of it. Furthermore, York had his own rifle. He got to vote. He was a full member of the expedition. York crossed the river, he crossed the mountains; he saw what freedom meant. In the expedition, he was not a slave, but as a free man just as anyone else. York also made a lot of contribution to the expedition. He was a part of the team, and was treated like family.

__How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?__ -Lewis and Clark tried to persuade the Indians to not fight each other anymore, and wanted to tell them that they now had a new “Great Father.” Lewis and Clark could not understand that fighting in the plains was a natural thing for Indians. They tried to explain that the nation has plans for peace. They also wanted to establish trade relations with the Indians because that was going to be part of an empire for the United States.

__What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?__ -Lewis and Clark discovered prairie dogs, grizzly bears, and buffaloes. The team was surprised at how many prairie dogs there were. For grizzly bears, the team showed more curiosity than fear. They easily killed a bear the first time, but had some trouble killing the others. Buffaloes were much found in the Great Plains, and there were thousands of them. They also encountered a lot of bugs including the mosquitoes. Mosquitoes were extremely troublesome for the team. The team had no defense against them except for mosquito nets.

__What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?__ -Lewis and Clark brought enough whiskey along to get them through to the Great Falls. And then they ran out. That was way too late for anybody to desert. Every man in the expedition knew exactly how much whiskey was left. So when Pvt. Hall got into the whiskey barrel one night near present-day Kansas City, and then got himself drunk and was taking more than his share, they had a court martial, he was found guilty, and they ordered 100 lashes well laid on. Also, one time they had a campsite where a buffalo bull came, emerged out of the Missouri River and rampaged around the camp until Lewis’s dog, Seaman, scared it off.

__What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?__ -The Lewis and Clark journey is very accessible. We can slip our own lives into their lives and then we can make the journey with them. A journey of wonder and excitement, but also a frightening journey, a journey of danger. Yet, we can be with them. This is one of the most famous American stories. The reason why it is famous is because the story has a place for us. This is one of those stories that reaches out and says there is a place in this story for you.

=HAMILTON AND NATIONAL FINANCES=

**Section 2 Assessment**
1. a) What economic problems did the new government face? - The new government’s biggest challenge was paying off the national debt—money owed by the United States—from the Revolutionary War. The United States owed about $11.7 million to foreign countries and about $40.4 million to U.S. citizens. b) What compromise did Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? - To persuade the South to help the federal government to pay the debts of other states, Hamilton promised to convince northern members of Congress to move the capital. Jefferson and Madison then agreed to gather support in the South for Hamilton’s debt plan.

2. a) What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? - Hamilton wanted a strong central government that balanced power between the “mass of the people” and wealthier citizens. He believed that his approach would protect everyone’s liberties while keeping the people from having too much power. Jefferson disagreed strongly with Hamilton’s views of the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country. Jefferson believed that it was the right of the people to rule the country. b) Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? - New York is a big, wealthy state with countless people. It may be natural for Hamilton to think that those countless people should not have too much power. If those countless people had a lot of power, they might try to overthrow the government. c) Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. - I agree with Jefferson’s opinion. People have the right to make decisions for the country because a country cannot exist without citizens.

3. a) Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the Bank of the United States? - Jefferson believed that Hamilton’s plans for the economy gave too much power to the federal government. They also thought the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank. b) What is the difference between loose construction and strict construction of the Constitution? - Loose construction means that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid. People who favor strict construction think that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do. c) Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. -Hamilton did not only think about the national government when he wanted the creation of a national bank. He suggested limiting it to a 20-year charter. After that time Congress could decide whether to extend the charter. Hamilton also asked each state to start its own bank so the national bank would not have a monopoly.

=LAUNCHING THE NATION= -1792 Election Results: George Washington won (1st president of US) Electoral College: a body of people representing the states of the U.S., who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. So even if you get fewer votes compared to the other candidate, you can still win!

**Secton 1 Assessment**
1. a) What role did the electoral college play in George Washington’s election to the presidency? -The delegates from each 11 states formed a group called the electoral college- a body of electors who represent the people’s vote in choosing the president. The Electoral College selected Washington unanimously. b) What were some of Martha Washington’s duties as First Lady? - Martha Washington entertained guests and attended social events with her husband. She also ran the presidential household with style.

2. a) What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? - (A precedent is an action or decision that later serves as an example.) The First Congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Washington met with the department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him. Today we know that presidents have cabinet meetings with their top advisers. This practice started during Washington’s presidency and was common by 1792. b) What was the purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789? - The Judiciary Act of 1789 was passed to set up the federal court system and the courts’ location. This act created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. It set up federal district courts and circuit courts of appeals. c) What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why? - I think the most important element of the Act is that it created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. As George Washington stated, the stability and success of the national government would depend in a considerable degree on the interpretation and execution of its laws.

3. a) What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? - New York City was the first capital of the United States. It was one of the two states that had populations larger than 25000. Although badly damaged during the Revolution, the city had already begun to recover. Citizens got rid of many signs of British rule. New York City also had a bustling economy. International trade and business became more active. b) What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? - Most Americans had high expectations for the new country. They wanted improved trade, free from too many restrictions. But they also expected the government to protect them and to keep the economy stable. c) Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. - Yes. New York City is still the most famous city in the United States, and it is one of the cities that have a lot of population. Also, big companies that can control or affect the world exist in the New York City.

4. Review your notes on George Washington. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to compare how Washington and Congress organized the new government.

__**Key Terms & People**__

 * **constitution** - A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
 * **Virginia Plan** - Edmund Randolph proposed a new federal constitution that would give sovereignty, or supreme power, to the central government.
 * **New Jersey Plan** -This plan called for a unicameral, or one-house, legislature. William Paterson proposed the idea to give each state an equal number of votes, and thus an equal voice, in the federal government.
 * **compromise** - A mutual concession made by two sides that had been arguing with each other.
 * **Great Compromise** - The New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan was combined. The agreement to create a two-house legislature became known as the Great Compromise. The compromise that has been reached was a major progression towards the unification of the States under a Federal System and had solved the problem of state representation.
 * **Three-Fifths Compromise** - This was an agreement that only three-fifths of a state’s slave population would count when determining representation.
 * **Electoral College (Frequently Asked Questions)** - A body of people representing the states of the U.S., who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

**__Main Ideas__**
Much of the time spent by the delegates attending the Constitutional Convention was spent in debate. Various ideas, perspectives, and positions all had to be discussed and negotiated in order for there to be a fully agreed upon government system with which to replace the Articles of Confederation.

Below are listed the top 5 major points of debate at the Convention:
 * 1) Should the government's power come from the states or the people? - The government's power should come from the people.
 * 2) Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? - Slaves should be counted as people for determining representation in Congress.
 * 3) Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? - The slave trade should be outlawed.
 * 4) Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? - No, a single person should not be allowed to lead the executive branch.
 * 5) Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? - The president should be elected by the peoples.

10/10: **Write an answer to the following question: Besides searching for riches,a shorter route to Asia,and converting Natives,what similarities and differences did the exploreres have?Name two similarities and two differences.(Compare and contrast)**

-The most common similarity among the explorers (although this does not include all 13 explorers) is that they were killed by other people. For instace, Juan Ponce de Leon died because of the wounds that the Native Americans made and Giovanni Da Verrazano was eaten by the Caribs who were cannibals. In addition, Ferdinand Magellan was killed in a battle in Philippines, Vasco de Balboa was beheaded because he was falsly accused, and Francisco Pizarro was assassinated. The second similarity among the explorers is that they named many regions, and that many regions were named after them. For example, Juan Ponce de Leon named //Pascua de Florida (Florida)//, Vasco de Balboa named //Borinquen// (later named Puerto Rico), and Ferdinand Magellan named the //Pacific Ocean//. Also, //America// was named after Amerigo Vespucci, and //Hudson River//, //Hudson Bay//, and //Hudson Strait// was named after Henry Hudson.

As there were several similarities among explorers, there were also several differences. One of the biggest differences is their early years. To illustrate, in Amerigo Vespucci's childhood, he loved to study the stars, and his hobby was copying maps. On the other hand, Giovanni Da Verrazano was interested in mathematics, and Hernando de Soto loved adventure. Moreover, Vasco de Balboa worked for a rich merchant, while Juan Ponce de Leon trained himself to be a soldier. The other difference among the explorers is that their edcuational and economical background were different. For instance, Francisco Pizarro grew up without learning how to read and write, whereas Giovanni da Verrazano's family was wealthy and could afford good education to Verrazano. Furthermore, Amerigo Vespucci lived in a large home, which means that his family was quite wealthy, but Sir Francis Drake had to live in the hull of an old ship. Vasco de Balboa even had to work for a rich merchant because his father was not rich.