Seo+Hyun

= = War in the West 1. a. What role did Ulysses S. Grant play in the war in the west? Grant wanted to be on attack so he became the commander of forces in the Union's Western campaign. Later, with some help from the gunboats and the navy, he could get the Tennessee rive and Fort Henry; then, fort Donelson and Cumberland River. b. Why was the battle of Shiloh important? The battle of Shiloh was important because it was the most brutal battle during the civil war with about 10000 casualties for both the Union and the Confederacy. c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions in the west? Why or why not? I think President Lincoln wouldn't have approved of Grant's actions in the west because his planning was not good because the Union side got attacked when they didn't expect any from the Confederacy. Also, because of this, the battle of Shiloh occurred, and it cost a lot of casualties, which was crucial to the regulation of supplies and militiamen. 2. a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? The Union took New Orleans by Farragut wrapping the wooden ships with heavy chains to make them look like ironclads and slapping them with mud so that it is hard to see them. Also, he tied trees to the masts so they look like forested shores. Then, they could go through the guarding soldiers and make New Orleans fall. This was an important victory because the Union could keep on going up the Mississippi river for attacks. b. How were civilians affected by the Siege of Vicksburg? Because of the Siege of Vicksburg, the civilians became barbarous, eating what then can such as horses, dogs, and rats, and sleeping when they can anywhere because of lack of supplies caused by the Union. c. What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg? By the Union victory at Vicksburg, the war leaned to the victory of the Union an the soldiers once again thought of the true purpose for them to fight by the hard time they experienced. 3.  cause || battle || effect || Grant attacked the Confederate soldiers || First battle in the west || Union got Tennessee River, Cumberland River, Fort Henry, Fort Donelson || Grant didn't expect the Confederates to attack the Union || battle of Shiloh || Union won, caused a lot of casualties || Union wanted Vicksburg, cut out the supply source so that they don't get any food, etc || Siege of Vicksburg || soldiers and civilians starved, became barbarous || Farragut prepared to go through to New Orleans || Fall of New Orleans || New Orleans fell || = Why does the civil war begin? = = key terms = = = = = The Missouri Compromise was significant because it was the first compromise that settled the problems between the Southern and the Northern states, which wanted to have as many states as possible on their sides. By the Missouri compromise, Missori became a slave state, and Maine a free state, compromising almost equal amount of land for the both sides. The State's Rights Doctrine was important because by this, the U.S, Constitution made clear that the individual states of America's rights will be protected from the central government. The Compromise of 1850 was significant because by this compromise, california was able to enter the Union as a free state, and the rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two territories-Utah and New Mexico-where the question of whether to allow slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty. Also, the compromise outlawed the slave trade in the District of columbia and established a new figitive slave law. The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories-Kansas and Nebraska-and allowed the people ineach territory to decide on the question of slavery. Also, it eliminated the Missouri Compromise's restriction on slavery north of the 36 degrees 30' line. The Dred Scott Decision led to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans not U.S. citizens and the Missori Co mpromise's restriction on slavery unconstitutional. Also, it said taht the congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. Furthermore, this case was a setback to abolitionist ideas agiainst slavery, and reduced the status of free African Americas and upheld the view of slaves as property without rights or protection under the constitution. The election of Abraham Lincoln showed the loss of power of the Southern states because Lincoln campaigned only in the free states and got most the of the votes there; and became the next president of the free states. This showed that decisions could be made without the Southern states' opinions.
 * Missouri Compromise: Maine becomning a free state and Missouri a slave state, compromising almost equal amount of land
 * secession: withdrawing from a union or from an organization
 * Compromise of 1850: Henry Clay's proposed agreement that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery bwould be decided by popular sovereignty. California became a free state, but from that time, other states were decided to be a free or a slave state depending on popular sovereignty.
 * Fugitive Slave Law: a law taht made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin: antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which spoke out powerfully against slavery
 * Ostend Manifesto: a secret document written by US diplomates in Ostend, Bilgium of planning to acquire Cuba to Spain. Also, talked about the slavery in tyhe United States, Monroe doctrine, and the Manifes Destiny. Later when this secret was leadked out, it led to civil War.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act: a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery
 * Dred Scott Case: a courtcase that led to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared African americans were not U.S. citizens, that the Missouri Compromise's restriction on slavery was unconstitutional, and taht congress did not ahve the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. A slave who appealed to the court that the slaves should be citizens of the U.S. too. Also, when he went to the Northern states, he said that he should be free.
 * John Brown's Raid: a raid that began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion. He attempted to start a slave revolt
 * Election of 1860: an election that set the stage for the American Civil War. In 1860, the slavery issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a without the support of a single Southern state.
 * 1) Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860).

2. Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850. During the cetain time period, the relationship between the Southern states and the Northern states was very tense, involving the problem of slavery. the Norther states, formed by mostly businessman and elites, stated that they should ban slavery since African-Americans are the same people as them, and should have rights. However, the Southern states wanted to have slaves for their cotton fields. Therefore, both sides wanted more power in the same country, wanting to have California and Texas on their sides. By the Compromise of 1820, the problem was settled by having California as a free state, against slavery, and Texas as a slave state.

 The first five presidents lecture

The major components of the Monroe Doctrine were that the colonization of America was over and that any attempt of the European countries to extend their political system into the western hemisphere will be regarded as a threat to the US. Also, it said that the US won't get involved in any European settlement or affairs. The purpose of it was to show the other countries that the US can stand on its own as a united country. The Monroe Doctrine told other countries how the US can be independent, without other countries' care and attention. By this, other countries could no longer try to get involved in American colonies or settlement because it could cause a war with America. (America became a whole new nation completely) Some circumstances that allowed the Us to gain posesstion of the Louisiana Territory were first of all that the US felt unsafe because France was telling Spain to give Louisiana back to them; the US could lose its Mississipi river again. Also, Napoleon decided to back up during the war with Spain, and he wanted to sell Louisiana for money to hire soldiers and buy weapons.
 * MONROE DOCTRINE **
 * Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose.
 * How did the Monroe Doctrine influences America’s relationship with other foreign countries?
 * Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory.

**THE SUPREME COURT** 1. How many Supreme Court justices are there? There are nine Supreme Court justices. 2. What is the Supreme Court? What does it do? The Supreme Court is one of the systems of the judicial court, which possesses the greatest amount of power. It opens only for extremely important or well-known cases. 3. What is the judiciary act of 1789? What is Judicial review? 1789 law that created the judicial branch of the federal government. 4. What was the story of Marbury vs Madison? First of all, the problems between Marbury and Madison was caused by the argument that the Supreme Court doesn't have the power to state other branches' work unconstitutional. Also, this event was important because it was the first time the law of the Congress was ever declared unconstitutional, or in conflict with the constitution.

Overall, Brown vs. Board Education was when the Supreme Court unanimously announced the end of public segregation in schools. Linda Brown, an African-American student at the school where only African-American students went to experienced discrimination by the school system because of her race. As the result, Linda's father sued the school that the school of African-Americans and the school of White Americans are the same but the students don't get the same treatments. Also, he stated that these acts are against the fourteen's amendment, which granted all Americans the right to equal protection, and, the right to an equal education. In response the the case, the Supreme Court justices stated the end of segregation in schools and the school's act unconstitutional. I agree with the decision because people shouldn't be divided by race, and as Americans, African-Americans have the same right has White Americans.
 * Brown vs. Board Education **

1. Why did Jefferson want to explore the West? Thomas Jefferson wanted to explore the west mainly because of the three reasons: first, it was because he was an empire builder and a Virginia planter. Because of his characteristics of a Virginia planter, he was an extraordinarily wasteful person; he wanted the land that was useless at that time. Also, it was because he was an empire builder, who wants more and more land for his nation to make his nation the most powerful one in the world. Secondly, Jefferson had a mind that encompassed the continent and he envisioned the creation of a great nation that would stretch from sea to sea that would be bound together by a political concept, not by geography; he wanted the people from the west to come together with the Americans by the political idea of liberty. Lastly, it was because Jefferson was fascinated by stories of the West, and he wanted to find out more about the West because he was always curious about things.
 * LEWIS and CLARK **

2. Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery? Meriwether Lewis was an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery because first of all, he was the right hand man of Thomas Jefferson; because Jefferson believed in Lewis so much, he was the best leader that could finish the expedition without any problems with Jefferson. Also, it was because he was a man of great character, great integrity, and truly marvelous insightful leadership. Furthermore, he was a man who liked to read and write journal, therefore, he recorded a lot of things during the expedition to the new land.

3. What kind of man was William Clark? First of all, William Clark was a military man, who always was able to find a solution to a problem. Also, he was helpful to Lewis during the expedition because he was capable of dealing with people who were not formally educated. Furthermore, he was a cartographer who didn’t make elegant maps, but who made maps with an incredible instinct and feel for the landscape; he seemed to know what was the most logical direction for a river to take once it got out of his line of sight. Lastly, he was promoted to General of Militia and became Superintendent of Indian Affairs after the expedition.

4. Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition? Sacagawea was a young Shoshoni, living among the Minitari, and she was about fourteen when she met Lewis and Clark. Also, she was traded back and forth between different Minitari braves before she was won by Charbonneau, a man who was hired by Lew and Clark later, in a gamble. She was helpful for the expedition not as a guide, but because she could read the landscape quite well; she had a sense of what the landscape said about direction and where they were going. Also, she was good at looking for food to eat during the expedition.

5. What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the expedition? During the expedition, York, Clark’s black slave had all the rights of human beings; he could vote, and he even owned his own rifle. Also, he was popular to female native Indians so he was often missing at nights. Furthermore, he was included in the team of the expedition, and helped his teammates by risking his life to save Clark in a flash flood, going out and hunting and brining in the game, putting up the captain’s tents, managing the sails, plying his oar, and doing all the things that everyone else did. The Indians respected him since he was among the white people and was different from the others; the Indians taught their generation that being different is not wrong, but is a good thing.

6. How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered? When Lewis and Clark encountered the Indians, they wanted to do three things: they wanted to find out about them for Jefferson, to establish trade relations because that’s going to be part of an empire for the United States, and to say that they are going to be a part of the United States and that they should stop fighting among themselves (the tribes). Also, they showed the Indians their uniforms and guns and the objects of the industrial revolution to impress them and show Indians trade goods and the objects that they might gain if they became part of an industrial world. However, the native Indians didn’t think about being a part of them seriously because other people such as the French and the British asked them to go to them also before.

7. What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover? First of all, there were many prairie dogs in the West, and Lewis and Clark couldn’t drive them away because there were just too many. Also, there was enormous amount of mosquito; especially Clark suffered by them, and Lewis and Clark tried to find campsites that were windy so that not many mosquito would be there. Even other than mosquito, there were bugs such as gnats, always flying around their face and prickly pear cactus who would puncture their moccasins and make going tough. Furthermore, there were many grizzly bears, which Lewis and Clark had hard time killing when they met them. Lastly there were many buffalo in the West that the land shook when the buffalos moved together.

8. What are some of the lesser-known stories of the expedition? Some of the lesser-known storied of the expedition are first, Napoleon said that Lewis and Clark should take enough wine and whiskey for the expedition, and like what he said, they ran out of whiskey during the expedition; they could drink only a little amount of whiskey because all of them had to share the drink. Also, when a person stole the whiskey, he was punished with 100 lashes for stealing the whiskey from the expedition team. Secondly, Lewis and Clark had to not only find new feature in the West, but name them; they named the rivers, creeks, or whatever they found with the names of their teammates of the expedition and whatever they could think of when they saw the feature.

9. What is the larger historical significance of the expedition? The larger historical significance of the expedition is first of all that the Americans started going from a dependency on the environment, on the spiritualism of the land, to a dependency on the traders and the military and everything else that came after Lewis and Clark. Secondly, it is because their expedition, or a long journey, reminds us about the journey of our life. Also, most importantly, their expedition is significant for us to know because they had great teamwork for their expedition. By the journey, they got to know about each other better than anyone else, and they always helped each other for their main purpose, to finish the journey of getting to know the Western land in America. Chapter 7 questions Why was Washington selected to be president? It was because other people convinced Washington to run as a candidate for presidency, and the delegates from the states chose him as the president.

What two important precedents were established fro the federal government? The two important precedents established for the federal government were departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy and the judiciary act of 1789.

Why was New York chosen as the first capital of the United States? It was because New York was the only city with the population more than 25,000; and had a bustling economy, international trade and business became more active.

1. a. What role did the electoral college play in George Washington's election to the presidency? Electoral college, a body of electors who represent the people's vote in choosing the president, selected Washington unanimously as the first president of the United States. b. What were some of Martha Washington's duties as First lady? Martha Washington had to entertain guests and attend social events with her husband. Also, she ran the presidential house with style. 2. a. What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? They created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Washington met with the department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him. b. What was the purpose of the judiciary act of 1789? This act created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. c. What do you think was the most important element of the judiciary act of 1789? Why? I think the most element of the judiciary act of 1789 were the federal district courts and circuit courts because the organized the judicial branch better, by forming two different courts. 3. a. What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? New York City served as the first capital of the United States because it was the only city with the population more than 25,000, and had a bustling economy. b. What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? Most Americans had a high expectation for the new nation: they wanted improved trade free from too many restrictions. But they also expected the gov. to protect them and to keep the economy stable. However, the idea of belonging to one united nation was new to them. c. Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. I don't think New York City should still be the capital city of the US because there is a more advanced city with more population than New York City in the US. 4. Review your notes on George Washington. Then copy the chart below and use it to compare how Washington and Congress organized the new government. First of all, the Congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Then, Washington discussed with the cabinets to decide on things that are important. Also, Washington was one of the leaders who wanted to actually lead the country: he fought in many wars with the soldiers of the country.
 * presidents **

**Launching the nation** George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson electoral college: elect a president with electoral votes

Feb. 10, 09 1. constitution a system for government-often codified a s a written document-that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity. specifically, it is defining the fundamental political principles, and establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of a government 2. Virginia Plan (1787) the plan for government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in which the national government would have supreme power and a legislative branch would have two houses with representation determined by state population 3. New Jersey Plan -a proposal to create a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states rather than representation by population; rejected at the Constitutional Convention -called for a unicameral, or one-house, legislature. The plan gave each state an equal number of votes, thus an equal voice, in the federal government 4. compromise a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms-often involving variations from an original goal or desire [|__5. Great Compromise__] (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention establishing that a state's population would determine representation in the lower house of the legislature, while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature 6. Three-Fifths Compromise (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention stating that enslaved people would be counted as three-fifths of a person when determining a state’s population for representation in the lower house of Congress [|7. Electoral College] __(__ [|Frequently Asked Questions]__)__ a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office. often these represent different organizations or entities, with each organization or entity represented by a particular number of electors or with votes weighted in a particular way. = = government + checks and balances ** Below are listed the top 5 major points of debate at the Convention: 1. Should the government's power come from the states or the people?
 * Forming a new government **

I think the government's power should come from the states; but the states' opinions should be from the states' people's votes. This is because if the government's power come from all the people in the thirteen states, it would be too hard the gather all the different opinions of the individual people. However, if the opinions are shortened into the states, it would be easier for the government to make important decisions that are the best for all the states and the people. 2. Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress?

The slaves should be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress because some African americans would tell the Congress their thoughts about the lives as the slaves well to fix some systems. For the new government system to be fair for all the people living on their land, they should listen to the opinions of all the different people. Therefore, they absolutely should listen to the African Americans as well to solve some problems. 3. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue?

I think the slave trade should be outlawed because the people at that time didn't realize, but African Americans have the same rights as the Americans as human beings. Furthermore, for American to develop and grow, they had to have better thoughts about different races of people and understand the differences. The Americans could have some benefits by having the slaves working for them, but welcoming different types of people was more important. 4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch?

I think two people should be leading the executive branch because by doing that, they can make better and more logical decisions. if only one person is the leader of the executive branch, they can have absolute power and try to dictate the country. However, if there are two leaders, they can agree to one idea and make unselfish decisions for the country. 5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? The chief executive should be elected by the Congress, who are elected by the people. This is because first of all, people would think that it is not fair if only the states vote for the Congress. However, so the people can vote for right, proper state leaders who can vote for appropriate Congress. If all the people vote for the Congress at the same time, it would be hard to count the votes.

**exploration** Some similarities were that they all had sponsoring countries supporting their explorations. Usually, the sponsors were a group of rich people or the king and the queens; most of the time, they could get the land or the gold found from the expeditions of the explorers. Also, since the era when many well known explorers had explored included a lot of the development of new technological tools such as astrolabe, caravel, and cartography; the explorers used those tools for better and easier voyages. However, they were also different because they had different purposes like to find the fountain of youth or to find the northwest passage through North America. Furthermore, they explored for different countries depending on what countries they were sponsored by. Once, Henry Hudson was threatened by England to explore only for England when they found out that he had been exploring for both England and Netherland. Furthermore, the explorers' principles were different because some wanted to keep their ideas and try to explore to the places where they think they should while some others just listened to their sponsors.