Minwoo

**Section 5: The Tide of War Turns P536-543**
1a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? Jackson died from shots from his own soldiers and died in a couple of days. 1b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? The Union commanding general, Joseph Hooker, attacked Fredericksburg in November of 1862. He tried to attack but was scared that he would lose. Lee took advantage of this and attacked the Union front while having Jackson attack the other forces. The Union had to retreat. 2a. What was the **Gettysburg Address**? A speech that was given by President Lincoln to the remaining soldiers that were still living at the graveyard of Gettysburg. Which inspired Union soldiers to keep on fighting. 2b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? The union forces were able to get a good defensive position and beat the condederate uof their high ground.

3a. What was the purpose of the **Wilderness Campaign**? To make Abraham Lincoln popular again and succeed because the capture of Atlanta. 3b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? Sherman captured Atlanata which gave hope to the people that the war would end with the Country United.

4a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at **Appomattox Courthouse**? In 1865, Grant's army surrounded Lee's forces at Richmond.Lee was short on supplies and had lost the will to fight so he surrendered at Appomattol Courthouse. 4b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war? The south had lost its fields its farms. The econoy in the south was just total disaster. Everything was ruined and black.

**Section 3: War in the West P522-525**
1a. What role did **Ulysses S. Grant** play in the war in the West? Grant was the commander of the Union forces. 1b. Why was the **Battle of Shiloh** important? The Battle of Shiloh was important as the victory helped the Union gain control of the greater Mississippi Valley, which was a vital part of the Anaconda Plan that would help defeat the Confederacy. 1c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West? Why or why not? Yes, President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions because before Grant, Lincoln was mad at McClelans's actions and needed a new General. 2a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? It was an important place for export for the south and one of the major cities as well. 2b. How were civilians affected by the **Siege of Vicksburg?** The victory at Vicksburg split the Confederacy into two, allowing the Union control of the Mississippi. This, along with Lee's defeat at Gettysburg, helped turn the tide of the war in the Union's favor, and removed any chance of the Confederacy receiving any European help as the Confederate chances of winning were perceived as close to zero.
 * The union forces ran out of food and had to starve. Ate anything that was edible. **
 * 2c. **What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg?

=

 * Emancipation Proclamation**- Abolished slavery in the states that were rebelling against the Union, issued on January 1, 1863. It helped inspire the North again. Although it did not put it into law, it still put the idea into motion.======


 * Gettysburg Address-** A speech that was given by President Lincoln to the remaining soldiers that were still living at the graveyard of Gettysburg. Which inspired Union soldiers to keep on fighting.

Section 1: The War Begins P511-515
1a. What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? The firing of fort sumfort.

1b. How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? The Union just wanted t make the south loose their will to fight. The south wanted to hold back the north unti they had given up.

1c. Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer. It's obvious that the north was more prepared for war because of their strenghts in economics industustry. Although the South had many good generals its no use if they don't have the right equipment.

2a. How did women take part in the war? The woman helped as being nurses and providing medication. Also bringing resources during the war.

2b. In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war? Not enough man for battle and conflicts about future america in the present.

2c. Why did men volunteer to fight in the war? Some man wanted to be heros some wanted to protect their family and some just wanted to serve the nation.

3. Strengths and weaknesses of the North and South. The north was strong in industry (guns and cannons)and man but was shorth on good generals. The south had strong generals, but was low on resources.

Section 2: War in the East P516-521
1a. List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. First Battle of Bull Run in 1861: South won the first battle of the Civil War. Second battle of Bull Run: At the Battle of Antietam: The first battle of the Civil War that was taken in the north. The Clash of the Ironclads: a fight between the ironclads.

1b. Why do you think the Union lost the ** First Battle of Bull Run? ** Both had untrained soldiers, but the south had a good general unlike the north. A copy of the souths plan for batte was sent to the north.
 * 2a. **What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the ** Battle of Antietam? **

2c. Why do you think General ** George ** ** B. McClellan ** did not finish off General ** Robert E. ** ** Lee’s ** troops when he had the chance? He didn't attack because there might have been reinforcements, but there wasn't. So the south just ended up runing.

3a. What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? Have blockades around their ports so they can't trade and loose the will to fight.

3b. Why were ironclads more successful than older, wooden ships? The armor of the ship gave it more power, stiffness, and defense.

1.MANIFEST DESTINY (354-55): Manifest Destiny is the historical belief that the United States is destined, even divinely ordained,  to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. 2.ANNEXATION OF TEXAS (355-56): The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the twenty-eighth state. 3.OREGON TRAIL (347-48): The Oregon Trail was one of the main serious overland migration routes on the North American continent, leading from locations on the Missouri River to the Oregon Territory. 4.OREGON TERRITORY (347): The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain, as well as to the organized U.S. territory formed from it that existed between 1848 and 1859. 5.CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH (364-369): The California Gold Rush began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. 6.MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR (351-354): The Mexican–American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. 7.INDUSTRIALISM (384-385): The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain.


 * __ Key Terms and People __ **
 * Missouri Compromise - **  The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.


 * Secession - ** Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity.
 * Compromise of 1850 - **  The Compromise of 1850 was a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arisen from the Mexican-American War.
 * Fugitive Slave Act - **  Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on    September 18  , 1850   , as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slaveholding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.


 * Uncle Tom's Cabin - **  an anti- slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe . Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War.


 * Ostend Manifesto - **  The Ostend Manifesto was a secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium , describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain.


 * Kansas Nebraska Act - **  Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

**Dred Scott Case****-** A decision by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves, or their descendants    whether or not they were slaves were not legal persons and could never be citizens of the United States.


 * John Brown's Raid**- an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859.


 * Election of 1860 - **  The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War . The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories.

How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries? The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, but also that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries.
 * Monroe Doctrine: ** a United States policy introduced on December 2, 1823, which said that further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.

Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory.
 * At the time French war at war and lost a humiliating defeat in Haitai. They had to remove the army out of america, and Napolean had no reason to own the land. The Americans took advantage and made a negotiation with Napolean and bought the land for 15 million dollars.**

1. How many Supreme Court Justices are there? -There are a total of nine people, so that it will be easier to judge something in a majority. 2. What is the Supreme Court? What does it do? -The Supreme Court decides only the big issues such as trade. 3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? What is Judicial review?  - The United States ** Judiciary Act of 1789 ** was a landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the First United States Congress establishing the U.S. federal judiciary. 4. What was the story of Marbury vs Madison? - This case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed by President John Adams as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents, but the court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional.

(Summary) The case started when a African American girl tried to attend to a white elementary school, but was rejected just because she was a black. When the issue was sent to the Supreme Court they new that this was a problem. They thought that the segregation was outstandingly unconstitutional. So they decided to desegregate all schools across the country. In my opinion I strongly agree about this situation, because this violates the 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees all citizens equal protection of the laws. //Brown v. Board of Education// laid the foundation for shaping future national and international policies regarding human rights.

[|**__Why did Jefferson want to explore the West?__**] Number one, Jefferson wanted land. Number two, Jefferson had a mind that encompassed the continent and he envisioned the creation of a great nation that would stretch from sea to sea, that would be bound together by a political concept, not by geography. And he wanted to spread that liberty all the way out to the West Coast and make this one great nation, joined together by democratic principals. [|**__Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?__**] Lewis was a man of great character, great integrity, and truly marvelous insightful leadership. Lewis, Lewis was the man, who was, it seems to read the journals, never entirely easy with his own men and definitely not with the Indians that he was meeting. He got along with them, he behaved in a courtly manner and a proper manner, a military manner but there was not that ease that that you see in Clark. [|**__What kind of man was William Clark?__**] Clark was the man who had the practicality always to be able to find a solution, whatever the problem was . Clark was the leader of the whole team throughout the whole expedition and led the man to keep up with the journey. He trusted Lewis the most, not to mention that he picked Lewis picked him as his partner. 
 * The Questions **

[|**__Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?__**] She was a [|Shoshone] woman who accompanied the [|Lewis and Clark Expedition], led by [|Meriwether Lewis] and [|William Clark] , in their exploration of the [|Western United States]. She traveled thousands of miles from [|North Dakota] to the [|Pacific Ocean] between 1804 and 1806. She was nicknamed Janey by Clark.

[|__What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the__] [|__expedition?__] York had a great time on the expedition. He had, had his own rifle. He got to vote. He was a full member of the expedition. The Indians loved him. York made invaluable contributions to the expedition on many occasions. Risking his life to save Clark in a flash flood on the Missouri River near Great Falls in present-day Montana. Going out and hunting and bringing in the game. Putting up the captain’s tents, managing the sails, plying his oar, doing all the things that everyone else did. [|**__How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?__**] They showed Indians uniforms and guns and the objects of the industrial revolution to impress them and then you wanted to show Indians trade goods and so the great country store was wheeled out. Then they showed Indians all of those objects that they might gain if they became part of an industrial world that grew out of St Louis. And so, first the parade and then the country store and then came the serious negotiation because Lewis and Clark represented in the traveling medicine show not only military power, commercial power, but also diplomatic power. So the third part of the traveling medicine show was some serious negotiation. Some treaty talk, some council making. And then there was always a showing of the flag, the great American symbol of sovereignty and power.

[|**__What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?__**] They met grizzly bears, bugs, mosquitoes and prairie dogs during their expedition and many other animals. Most of the animals you see back then, you can’t find in today’s time because people hunt them or use them as clothing. [|__What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?__] Lewis brought along a Newfoundland dog. It had many challenges going throughout the trip, but he took it with him everywhere he went and it was a member of the expedition. [|**__What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?__**] They discovered many various animals, many pathways and rivers, many types of Indians, many types of mountains, and also terrain that they never saw before. They made piece treaties with various Indians and many maps made along the expedition. After the expedition stories were told for centuries about their great expedition to the Pacific and is still told today.

Section 1 Pg.237 #1-3

1a. What role did the electoral college play in **George Washington’s** election to the presidency? The electoral college selected Washington unanimously, and John Adams became his vice president.

1b. What were some of **Martha** **Washington’s** duties as First Lady? The electoral college selected Washington unanimously, and John Adams became his vice president.

2a. What **precedent** did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? She entertained guests and attended social events with her husband

2b. What was the purpose of the **Judiciary** **Act of 1789**?
 * This act created three levels of fed****eral courts and defined their powers and rela****tionship to the state courts**

2c. What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why? I think the most important element of the Judiciary Act is the part that stated the powers of the federal courts. The reason is if a nation is to be growing and successful, than it needs a good federal court and good laws.

3a. What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? New York City was the first capital of the United States. Because New York was one of the biggest cities and it was big in economics.

3b. What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? The people wanted a more well organized trade policy and a government that would keep the economy stable.

3c. Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. In my opinion no because even though at that time sure it had a lot of population and was high in economics, however there was really not much going on in New York. Most of the political decisions and acts were deiced in Washington D.C.

1a. What economic problems did the new government face? The United States owed about $11.7 million to foreign countries and about $40.4 million to U.S. citizens.
 * Section 2 #1-3**

1b. What compromise did **Alexander** **Hamilton**, **Thomas Jefferson**, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? Hamilton promised to convince northern members of Congress to move the capital. The other two promised to convince the southern states of Hamilotn's plan.

2a. What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? Hamilton believed in a strong federal government. Jefferson wanted to protect the powers of the states. Their conflict reflected basic differences in their opinions about democracy.

2b. Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? Since New York was a city with high economy Hamilton wanted a lot of industrial and manufacturing side. However, Jefferson being a virginian would want agriculture things like farming. 2c. Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. I think Jefferson is right. The people should control the US and keep the powers of the states. Because the reason why the revolution started was because the US wanted to be free from the king and wanted their own ways of living. If the US started to have a nation where the government controlled everything like a king, than what reason was there for the Revolution war?

3a. Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the **Bank of the United States**? Hamilton wanted to start a national bank where the government could safely deposit its money. The bank would also make loans to the government and businesses. Hamilton also thought that the United States should build a national mint, a place to make coins.

3b. What is the difference between **loose** **construction** and **strict construction** of the Constitution? Loose construction **means** **that the federal government can take reason****able actions that the Constitution does not** **specifically forbid while the strict construction is when p****eople who favor** **strict construction** **think that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do.**

3c. Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. The nation need a place to deposit and withdraw there money safely and loan money to start businesses and companies.

!0/10:. Fridays assignment to be posted by next class.Write an answer to the following question: Besides searching for riches,a shorter route to Asia,and converting Natives,what similarities and differences did the exploreres have?Name two similarities and two differences.(Compare and contrast)

Similarities 1. they all wanted to explore the new world and they all wanted to find gold and riches 2. They were all famous and in there lives they all wanted to explore on Sea.

Differences 1. One difference is that all of the explorers have their dead in a different way. Whether it's a dead from stress, mutinying, hunger, old age, war, or execution. 2. All the explorers wanted to find something or search for something different. For example, Ponce de Leon tried to find the Fountain of Youth but he found Florida instead. And Columbus tried to find the Northwest passage way to India, but found America and the indians instead.

Using the resources listed below, write a definition for each of the following terms or people listed in your **//Social Studies Only//** notebook/binder. //Make sure you can acknowledge the source for the information you used for your answer.// >constitution: a system for government — often codified as a written document — that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution defining the fundamental political principles, and establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of a government. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution)
 * Key Terms & People **

>Virginia Plan: (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Plan)

>New Jersey Plan: (also known as the Small State Plan or Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson at the Philadelphia Convention on June 15, 1787. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan)

>compromise: In arguments, compromise is a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms—often involving variations from an original goal or desire. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise) > [|Great Compromise]

>Three-Fifths Compromise: The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. Delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman proposed it. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise)

> [|Electoral College] : An electoral college is a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College)

Main Ideas

Answer the following questions in your Social Studies Only notebook/binder. The answers may be written as a complete paragraph, as a list, or as a picture/diagram. Make sure you can acknowledge the source for the information you used for your answer. Much of the time spent by the delegates attending the Constitutional Convention was spent in debate. Various ideas, perspectives, and positions all had to be discussed and negotiated in order for there to be a fully agreed upon government system with which to replace the Articles of Confederation. Below are listed the top 5 major points of debate at the Convention: 1. Should the government's power come from the states or the people? It probably should come from the states because back then since the revolution was over the US didn't really know what to do now. So.. were free? So what? What do we do? If the government's power came from the people, there would have been probably a high percent of un-satisfactory, like arguments, conflicts, and etc. However if the power came from the states, than the United States would probably have a more organized government and likely less problems.

2. Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? Slaves should have been counted as property for determining representation in Congress. The reason why is without the slaves, there probably wouldn't have been a United States. Even though the slaves were treated as animals and were beaten, if it wasn't for their help the US wouldn't have been strong as it is today.

3. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? When the Declaration of Independence was signed our founding fathers stated the famous phrase that "All man are created Equal" according to that, the founding fathers probably meant that all human are created equal. Also they have worked for so many centuries and should be granted freedom for their cause. 4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? The executive branch is important, however it is nothing without the other branches. Lets say the executive branch was allowed to be lead from one person. What do you think might happen to the new nation? Wouldn't it turn out like the British? If that had happened than there would be no reason for the revolution. It would still be a un-free land.

5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? Definitely the people because the United States is known for the Nation of freedom. As Lincoln spoken "that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." The nation was made for freedom and for the people. So, the people should have the right and privilege to vote their own leader.