Peter+Park

Fort Sumter 3 Events that Led to the War Secession First Bull Run Stonewall Jackson George McClellan Robert E. Lee 7 Day's Battle Inronclads Anaconda Plan VIcksburg Shiloh Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address Gettysburg Pickett's Charge William Sherman Wilderness Campaign Appomatics John Wilkes Booth 1. a. Identify What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? Stonewall Jackson died from his wounds at Chancellorsville.

b. Draw Conclusions Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? The Union army was defeated at Chancellorsville because when Hooker planned to attack the Confederacy’s flank, he hesitated and instead decided to take a defensive position at Chancellorsville. As a result, Lee could get his army to attack the Union army on both the front and the frank, and the Union army was almost divided into two.

2. a. Identify What was the Gettysburg Address? The Gettysburg Address was a short speech given by Abraham Lincoln to praise the bravery of Union soldiers and renew his commitment to winning the civil war.

b. Analyze Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? Geography was important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg, because the high ground of the Cemetery Ridge and Culps Hill enabled the Union army to form an excellent defense formation. Also, by capturing the high ground of Little Round Top, it would be possible to fire down upon the enemies, making capturing Little Round Top a priority of the battle.

3. a. Recall What was the purpose of the Wilderness Campaign? The purpose of the Wilderness Campaign was to delay the Union capture of Richmond.

b. Draw Conclusions In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? The capture of Atlanta helped to convince Union voters to re-elect Lincoln in a landslide.

4. a. Identify What events led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse? Sherman closed in on the last Confederate defenders in North Carolina, and at the same time, Grant finally broke through the Confederate defenses at Petersburg. Eventually, Lee’s forces were surrounded by Grant. With his forces running low on supplies, Lee had no choice but to surrender to Grant.

b. Summarize What problems did the South face at the end of the war? The southern economy was in ruins due to many factors, such as the naval blockade, total war, and the emancipation of slaves. Although the slaves in the South have been freed, the majority of slaves had no homes or jobs. Finally, almost 620,000 Americans lost their lives fighting in the Civil War, many of the casualties being from the South.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863) Lincoln freed the slaves Slavery abolished

Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

1. a. Identify What role did Ulysses S. Grant play in the war in the West? Ulysses S. Grant conquered two major forts in Tennessee: Fort Henry on Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on Cumberland River. Afterwards, he won the Battle of Shiloh and (though his army suffered many casualties in the process), and as a result gained greater control of the Mississippi River Valley. He also besieged and successfully conquered the city of Vicksburg, after which he was certain the Union would triumph victoriously over the Confederacy.

b. Explain Why was the Battle of Shiloh important? The Battle of Shiloh was important because the Union and the Confederacy fought for greater control of the Mississippi River Valley.

c. Elaborate Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West? Why or why not? I think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West, because his brilliant military tactics would allow the Union the compel the Confederacy to recant its declaration of secession, and form a whole United States of America once again.

2. a. Describe How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? The Union took New Orleans by having 18 ships race past the two forts guarding the entrance to New Orleans at nighttime. Admiral David Farragut had his wooden ships wrapped in heavy chains to protect them like ironclads. Sailors slapped mud on the hulls of the ships to make them hard to see. Trees were tied to the masts to make the ships look like forest shores. Although it was a risky operation, it succeeded, and New Orleans was conquered without a single shot fired.

b. Draw Conclusions How were civilians affected by the Siege of Vicksburg? Civilians also suffered the effects of the Siege of Vicksburg, and had to endure the lack of supplies such as food and goods. As a female resident of Vicksburg wrote, it was surrounded by “a circle of fire. She also wrote, “People [did] nothing but eat what they can get, sleep when they can, and dodge the shells.” This exhibits the abject lives of the civilians of Vicksburg as a result of the siege.

c. Predict What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg? The Union victory at VIcksburg may result in a significant decrease in the Confederacy’s military power, as Vicksburg was a major fort with crucial value in the perspective of the Confederate army.

3. Identifying Cause and Effect Review your notes on Union strategy in the West. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to show the causes and effects of each battle. Cause- whi le Union forces were camping in the Shiloh Church, Confederate forces attacked them. Battle - Battle of Shiloh Effect - Union victory, greater control of the Mississippi River Valley

Cause - New Orleans was the only major industrial city and port in the South. The Union believed conquering it would be essential to winning the war, Battle - Conquest of New Orleans Effect - Union victory, huge blow to the economy, commerce, and military of the Confederacy

Cause - Vicksburg was an ideal fort and military base due to its geography (i.e.: located on 200-ft high cliffs). Grant planned to starve the city into surrendering. Battle - Siege of Vicksburg Effect - Union victory, Grant believed that “the fate of the Confederacy was sealed when Vicksburg fell”

= = = = = = = = = = = = =Main Ideas-due Monday= 1. Analyze the significance of the State's Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott Decision (1857), and the election of Abraham Lincoln (1860). ** The State's Rights Doctrine is an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution that emphasizes the reserved powers of the states and minimizes the power of the federal government. It allowed each state to decide whether it will become a free state or a slave state. The Missouri Compromise was a compromise in which Missouri was admitted into the Union as a slave state, and instead Maine was admitted as a free state. It also prohibited slavery in the part of the Louisiana territory above the parallel 36 30' line, and thus set a standard for whether future states would become free or slave states. The Compromise of 1850 was a compromise in which California entered the Union as a free state, and in turn, the Fugitive Slave Law was passed for the benefit of slave states. The Kansas-Nebraska act was a law which stated that whether Kansas and Nebraska became a slave or free state would be decided by popular sovereignty. As a result, pro- and anti-slavery groups both rushed to get their supporters settle in these two states to get more votes. Much fighting between the two groups ensued. The Dred Scott Case was a Supreme Court case where Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom. Court ruling was in favor of slavery, and the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional. This case pretty much answered all the legal questions there were about slavery and answered them in favor of the slave states. The election of Abraham Lincoln of the Republican Party was a strong victory for the abolitionists and the free states. The southern slave states followed this with declarations of secession, which imminently led to the civil war.
 * Key Terms & People-** **Using the resources listed below, write a definition for each of the following terms or people listed in your //Student page//**
 * Missouri Compromise - A compromise between the free states and the slave states in which Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. Prohibited slavery in the part of the Louisiana territory above the parallel 36 30' line.
 * secession - formally withdrawing from the Union
 * Compromise of 1850 - A compromise between the free states and the slave states in which California entered the Union as a free state and in turn, the Fugitive Slave Act is passed (for the benefit of slave states).
 * Fugitive Slave Law - A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed the arrest of runaway slaves in areas where slavery is prohibited (free states).
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin - An anti-slavery novel by Harrier Beecher Stowe that related the horrifying details of slavery. Greatly helped to fuel the abolitionist cause.
 * Ostend Manifesto - A plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. Northerners believed it was a Southern attempt to expand slavery.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act - A law that stated that whether Kansas and Nebraska became a slave or free state would be decided by popular sovereignty. Caused much tension and bloodshed between the pro- and anti-slavery groups.
 * Dred Scott Case - A Supreme Court case where Dred Scott, a slave, sued for freedom. Court ruling was in favor of slavery, and the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional.
 * John Brown's Raid - An attempt to start a slave revolt in 1859 by white abolitionist John Brown by seizing a U.S. Arsenal. However, the slaves refused to cooperate, afraid of punishment. The revolt was defeated, and John Brown was sentenced to death.
 * Election of 1860 - The presidential election of 1860 in which Abraham Lincoln of the Republican Party was victorious. Followed by declarations of secession by southern slave states.
 * Research the following main ideas using the resources provided to you below. Record your information in your student page\

2. Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850. Northern states realized that if the independent nation of Texas was admitted into the Union, then the slave states would get two more senators supporting their cause. As a result, they tried to prevent the annexation of Texas, attempting to prevent the slave states from gaining too much power over the legislature. In the end, however, Texas was admitted into the union and this gave more power to the slave states in Congress. Similarly, the admission of California as a free state under the Compromise of 1850 gave more power to the free states in Congress.

Alien and Sedition Acts - 1798 Definition: John Adams doesn’t like what the press is saying about him. Passes an act which forbids the press from slandering government official. Significance: Declared unconstitutional, violated the First Amendment

Louisiana Purchase - 1803 Definition: France (Napoleon) sells a huge amount of land to the West for $15 million. Significance: Doubled size of the U.S., people explored

Lewis and Clark - 1804 Definition: Two captains commissioned by Thomas Jefferson who explored the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean Significance: They mapped parts of the West (topography), established relations with Indian tribes, Sacagawea, discovered species of animals and plants, dispelled false rumors of the West

Political Parties - 1806 Definition: a group of politicians with the same ideals Significance: Federalists (strong national government, urban, anti-slavery), Democratic-Republicans (strong state powers, agrarian, slavery)

War of 1812 - 1812 Definition: a war between U.S. and Britain, variety of causes, such as impressment of U.S. citizens, assaults on U.S. merchant ships, etc. Significance: Proved that the U.S. was a force to be reckoned with

Monroe Doctrine - 1823 Definition: Europe is no longer welcome in the Western Hemisphere. Significance: American sets foreign policy.

Andrew Jackson - 1828 Definition: seventh president, sets policy for Indian Removal

Missouri Compromise - 1820 Definition: Missouri enters the Union as a slave state, Maine enters as a free state

Monroe Doctrine - The Monroe Doctrine is a United States policy introduced in the December of 1823 by President Monroe that stated that attempts to colonize or interfere with land in the Americas would be seen as acts of aggression towards the United States, an in return, the United States would not interfere with the affairs of European nations nor those of European colonies already existing in the Americas.

Louisiana Purchase - The Louisiana Purchase was a purchase of the French territory Louisiana from Napoleon by Thomas Jefferson that roughly doubled the size of the United States for a sum totaling $15 million. The land purchased included all or part of the present-day states Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, North Dakoda, South Dakota, New Mexico, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Louisiana.

Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose.

The Monroe Doctrine states that 1) the United States would not interfere with European affairs, 2) the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas, 3) European countries are not to colonize any more land in the Americas, and 4) the United States would consider any acts of colonization in the Americas acts of aggression. The purpose of the Monroe Doctrine was to prevent European countries from colonizing land in the American continent, and becoming a potential threat towards the United States.

How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries?

The Monroe Doctrine did not draw much attention in other foreign countries, because the United States lacked the military power to enforce the doctrine. Some Europeans strongly criticized the Monroe Doctrine, but few European countries opposed it.

Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory.

In France, Napoleon Bonaparte had taken power, and planned to revive French imperialism in the New World. He demanded Spain give back the Louisiana territory, which Spain accepted. Americans were afraid that access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans may be cut off by the new possession of the territory. However, in 1803, France suffered a humiliating defeat during a slave revolt in Saint Dominigue, present-day Haiti. This forced Napoleon to abandon plans of expanding in the New World and focus on the war in Europe. Consequently, he decided to sell the entire Louisiana territory to the United States, more than doubling the size of the nation for a total of only $15 million.

Brown v. Board of Education

On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously declared the end of segregation in public schools by voting for the plaintiff side in the case Brown v. Board of Education. Oliver Brown, the father of an African-American third-grader, sued the education system of Topeka, Kansas for having inferior conditions for schools designed for African-American students compared to schools designed for white students. Brown alleged that all schools should be equal to one another in terms of education, condition, etc. Furthermore, he stated that all African-American schools should be inherently equal to schools only attended by white students, basing this claim on the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted all people the right to equal protection by the law, and in addition, the right to equal education. Thurgood Marshall, general counsel of the Legal Defense Fund (and later to be the first African-American Supreme Court Justice), argued for the plaintiffs of this case, and John W. Davis, a former solicitor general, argued for the defense. The opposition used the 1898 case Plessy v. Ferguson to corroborate their assertion that segregation was justified with the declaration that the quality of each group's public facilities remain equal. However, the Supreme Court struck down Plessy, stating that the Fourteenth Amendment had to be applied to the present-day public educational system, not to a case written in 1896. Thus, the Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently equal" and "such segregation is a denial of the equal protection of the laws." Personally, I agree with the ruling of the Supreme Court, and believe that segregation violates the right to equal protection provided by the Fourteenth Amendment. The freedom of equality should be a inalienable human right, and the separation of different races for public facilities should be outlawed.

1. How many Supreme Court justices are there? There are nine Supreme Court justices.

2 What is the Supreme Court?What does it do? The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S. and the judicial branch of the U.S. federal government. It is the final judge in all cases involving the laws of Congress and the Constitution, and has the power to strike down laws of the Congress and executive orders of the President.

3 What was the judiciary act of 1789? what is Judicial review? The Judiciary Act of 1789 law that created the judicial branch of the U.S. federal government. Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Court to declare executive orders or laws passed by the Congress invalid if it violates a statute, federal law, or the Constitution.

4 What was the story of Marbury vs Madison? One of President Adam's Supreme Court appointees, William Marbury, sued Secretary of State James Madison to force him to deliver his commission as a justice of the peace. denied Marbury's petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional. This case is important because the Supreme Court used the judicial review.

[|Why did Jefferson want to explore the West?] Firstly, Jefferson wanted to explore the West in order to gain more land, like many Virginian planters did. Also, Jefferson envisioned the American continent being bound together as one nation by a political concept, the idea of liberty. Even though at that time, when the fastest form of transportation was a horse, the distance to the West was considered to be unimaginably large, Jefferson imagined the entire American continent to be linked together - not by geography or commerce, but by political concept, by the United States. Many “accidents” relating to the West occurred in front of Jefferson, such as second hand news about the Canadians in the West and the fear about French or Spanish incursions into the West. These events caused Jefferson to be more interested in the West, eventually leading him to send Lewis and Clark to explore the West, as well as the Louisiana purchase.

[|Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?] Lewis was an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery, a man of of great character, great integrity, and truly marvelous insightful leadership. He was never entirely lax with the men of the Corps of Discovery, and definitely not with the Native Americans he met in the West, and always behaved in a somewhat courtly, proper, and military manner. He was a serious man, and although he was sometimes fraught with emotional problems, he proved to be a fine captain of the Corps of Discovery.

[|What kind of man was William Clark?] Clark was the resourceful man, the man who had the practicality to be always able to find a solution. He also had the capability to deal with his crew, the members of which were not educated, unlike Lewis. In addition, Clark was unparalleled in his skill as a cartographer, having an incredible instinct and feel for newly explored lands. Clark’s prowess as a mapmaker was often a boon to the Corps of Discovery, whose main objective was to explore the West and record information in various methods, one of which was in map form.

[|Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?] Sacagawea was a Shoshone woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark expedition. She was the wife of Toussaint Charbonneau, a French trapper, who was encouraged to join the expedition by Lewis and Clark after they discovered his wife could converse with the Shoshone tribe, whose help they knew they would need at the headwaters of the Missouri River. Indeed, when the Corps of Discovery reached the Shoshone tribe, her brother had become the Shoshone chief. With Sacagawea’s translation, Lewis and Clark received horses and some guides from the tribe to lead them over the treacherous Rocky Mountains. She sometimes (but not frequently) provided essential directions for the expedition, but this role had been romanticized and distorted by the public. More accurately, her major role in the expedition was finding food in the wild and symbolizing peace during the expedition, thus avoiding war with Native American tribes.

[|What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the expedition?] During the expedition, York, slave and childhood companion of Clark, made invaluable contributions to the expedition in many occasions. For instance, he once saved Clark from a flash flood on the Missouri River near the Great Falls. In addition to this, he aided the expedition by hunting game, putting up the captains’ tents, managing the sails, plying his oars, and did all the things that everyone else did. During the expedition, York was not necessarily treated as a slave, but as part of a family, a team formed for the exploration of the West. He was not ostracized in any way by the Native Americans, who never saw a black man before; rather, he was accepted and even worshipped to some degree. Yet, after witnessing life as a truly free man during the expedition, York had to reenter the world of slavery when the expedition was over.

[|How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?] When Lewis and Clark encountered Native Americans, they had three things they focused on: 1) finding out about them for their report on the West, 2) establishing trade relations, and 3) informing them they are part of a new nation called the United States. Lewis and Clark in fact had a routine for Native American diplomacy. First, a parade was shown, with European technology from the Industrial Revolution (guns and uniforms) to impress the Native Americans. Then, the Native Americans were shown European trade goods. Finally, there was negotiation, treaty talk, and council making with the two parties. There was always the showing of the American flag, the great symbol of sovereignty and power.

[|What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?] One animal Lewis and Clark encountered during the expedition was prairie dogs. The explorers couldn’t believe the number of prairie dogs they were seeing or the underground lifestyle of the prairie dog. As a result, they tried to make the prairie dogs come out by pouring water in the burrows and digging them, but neither method worked. Another animal they observed was the grizzly bear, a ferocious animal hard to kill even with the usage of guns. Finally, they saw buffalo in the Great Plains of the West, although since then they were almost hunted to extinction.

[|What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?] One lesser known story of the expedition involves whiskey. As Napoleon once said, “Whenever you set off on a march, make sure you’ve got plenty of beer and wine along and that it’s enough to last until you get far enough away from camp so that nobody can desert.” When Private Hall got his hands on the whiskey barrel and drank more than his share, it was too late to desert, and he was found guilty and given 100 lashes. When the Otoe chief witnessed this, he cried; just for the stolen whiskey, the private was given an overly brutal punishment.

[|What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?] Lewis and Clark did not acquire legal claim to the Pacific Northwest, start the fur trade, or pioneer routes overland immigrants will use. However, the main historical significance of the expedition was that it symbolized America’s journey towards becoming the America that we know today. It has, like few other stories, a place for all of the Americans. And this is one of those stories that reaches out and says, “There is a place in this story for you.” It can be named as the Odyssey of the United States.

1. a. Describe What economic problems did the new government face? The new government faced many economic problems during the beginning years of the United States of America. The largest of such economic problems was repaying the massive debt from the Revolutionary War. The federal government raised money during the war by selling bonds - certificates of debt that the government promised to buy for a higher price. However, the government could not keep this promise because of its huge debt and lack of financial resources. Also, the states' debts were large as well. If the states' economy was in a crisis, the national economy would be hindered, as well.

b. Summarize What compromise did Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? Hamilton offered to convince northern leaders to change the capital from New York to another city - Washington D.C. - if Jefferson and Madison agreed to support Hamilton's plan involving the national government to pay the state debts.

2. a. Identify What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? Hamilton wanted to pay the foreign debt immediately and gradually repay the total value of the bonds. Jefferson disagreed, because he felt that if the speculators received full value of the debts, they would be gaining unfair profits. However, Hamilton said the plan was perfectly fair, as the speculators paid for what the bond was worth and took the risks of buying them. Also, Hamilton wanted the federal government to help the states pay back their debts. However, Jefferson and other representatives from the South said the Constitution did not give the federal government power to pay state debts. Hamilton wanted a strong central government that balanced power between the masses and the wealthier segment of society. On the other hand, Jefferson wanted all decisions to come from the people, insisting average citizens were capable of making decisions. Hamilton wanted to promote business and manufacturing, while Jefferson wanted to promote agriculture. Hamilton wanted higher tariffs on imported goods to encourage citizens to purchase U.S. goods. Jefferson disagreed, because higher tariffs would have a negative effect on agriculture. Finally, Hamilton wanted to have a national bank where the government could safely deposit money, and at the same time, encouraged states to create banks to prevent the national bank from having a monopoly. However, Jefferson opposed the national bank, because the Constitution didn't state anything about a national bank.

b. Draw Conclusions Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? Hamilton, being a citizen of New York, a Northern state, promoted manufacturing and business, while Jefferson, being a citizen of Virginia, a Southern state, supported farmers and agriculture. Also, since New York was where the federal government was situated, Hamilton wanted a strong national government with many powers, while Jefferson, being from a state far from the capital, supported states' reserved powers.

c. Elaborate Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. I agree with Jefferson. Average citizens are able to make decisions; the wealthier segment of society should not be granted more power. Majority rule is a concept that, although does not consider minority's opinions, ultimately and effectively conveys the opinion of all citizens of the U.S.. Therefore, some citizens should not gain more power than others. 3. a. Recall Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the Bank of the United States? Jefferson opposed the creation of the Bank of the United States because the Constitution did not specifically state that Congress had the power to create a national bank. He believed in strict construction, or the idea that only things specifically stated in the Constitution should be followed.

b. Contrast What is the difference between loose construction and strict construction of the Constitution? Loose construction of the Constitution means the federal government can take reasonable actions that are not prohibited by the Constitution. Strict construction means the federal government should only do things specifically stated in the Constitution.

c. Elaborate Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. The federal government should establish a national bank to have a place where it can safely store money. Also, a national mint should also be created so the United States can start issuing its own money. A national bank would help the national economy to stabilize.


 * Launching a New Nation**

1. a. Describe What role did the electoral college play in George Washington’s election to the presidency? The electoral college, a body of electors from each state (the number of whom are proportional to the state's population) who elected the president, unanimously elected George Washington as president.

b. Summarize What were some of Martha Washington’s duties as First Lady?

As First Lady, Martha Washington entertained guests and attended social events with her husband.

2. a. Describe What precedent did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? President Washington and Congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas in national policy. In each of these areas, Washington elected a department head, or cabinet member, who advised him on his respective area of national policy.

b. Explain What was the purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789?

The purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is to create the federal court.

c. Evaluate What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why The purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1789 is to create three levels of federal courts and define their relationship with state courts. 3. a. Recall What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why?

New York served as the first capital of the United States because it was the only city with a population larger than 25000 (other than Philadelphia) and its bustling economy, rapid recover from damages of the war, and active commerce and business well-represented the spirit of the new nation.

b. Draw Conclusions What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation?

Most Americans had large expectations for the new nation; while they wanted improved commerce, free from too many restrictions, they also wanted the government to intervene to prevent the economy from failing. 95% of the United States population were rural farmers who wanted the right to settle on western lands and fair tax laws, and did not want the government to intervene.

c. Make Judgments Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. Yes. I think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States, because it appears to be the center of the nation's economy (i.e.: Wall Street).

Critical Thinking 4. Comparing Review your notes on George Washington. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to compare how Washington and Congress organized the new government. Washington's Decisions - departments for the executive branch, cabinet members Congress - bicameral legislation, speaker of the house, majority/minority leaders

Electoral College - Judiciary Act of 1789

Anti-Federalists - people who opposed the Constitution

Federalists - people who supported the Constitution

Federalist Papers - a series of essays that supported the ratification of the Constitution and assured Americans that a strong national government won't overpower the states

Amendment - official change of the Constitution Bill of Rights - the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which issued fundamental, unalienable human rights to all men (at that time, though excluding slaves, Native Americans, and women)

Definitions

constitution - A written document outlining the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of the government of a nation.

Virginia Plan - The plan for government proposed by Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph that would give supreme power to the federal government and would have bicameral legislature based on state populations.

New Jersey Plan - The plan for government proposed by New Jersey delegate William Paterson that would give more power to state governments and would have unicameral legislature that gave each state equal number of votes in the federal government.

compromise - An agreement or settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions.

Great Compromise - A compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan in which legislature is bicameral, with the lower house having representation based on state populations (House of Representatives) and the upper house having equal number of representation regardless of population.

Three-Fifths Compromise - A compromise between slave states and non-slave states in which three-fifths of the slave population would count when determining representation of states in the lower house.  Electoral College - A body consisting of popularly elected representatives, called electors, who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States.


 * Main Ideas**

Much of the time spent by the delegates attending the Constitutional Convention was spent in debate. Various ideas, perspectives, and positions all had to be discussed and negotiated in order for there to be a fully agreed upon government system with which to replace the Articles of Confederation.

Below are listed the top 5 major points of debate at the Convention:

Should the government's power come from the states or the people? The government's power should come from the people, not the states, because if the states are given too much power, then there would be much disputes on national decisions, laws, and regulations that all states have to follow. There should be a national government representing the people as a whole.

Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? Slaves should not be counted as people when determining representation in Congress, because then slaveholders would have a greater voice, and thus greater power in the government than non-slaveholders would. However, slavery should not be in practice in the first place, as it violates the Bill of Rights.

Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? The slave trade should be outlawed, because it violates the freedoms and rights listed in the Bill of Rights that all people in the United States should have.

Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? No, a single person should not be allowed to head the executive branch. The American government should follow the practices of the Roman government, in which there are two heads of the executive branch who can both veto the decisions made by the Congress. This way, no individual can acquire too much power.

Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? The chief executive should be elected by the people, as that represents the true meaning of democracy - rule by the people. The Congress deciding, however, indicates an oligarchy - rule by a select group of individuals.

Identify the major points of debate, reasoning, and compromise made with regards to the 5 major points above by using the graphic organizer below.

1. Document the arguments and reasoning made in favor, or against, solutions proposed for each topic at the Constitutional Convention.There were two plans for the structure of the federal government. One was the Virginia Plan, which gave sovereignty to the federal government and had a bicameral legislation with representation proportional to state populations. The other was the New Jersey Plan, which gave more power to the state governments and had a unicameral legislation with representation equal for all states regardless of population. Also, there was debate on whether to give slaves, Native Americans, and women the rights listed in the Bill of Rights. Finally, there was controversy on whether slaves counted towards state populations. Slaveholder states wanted slaves to count towards state populations, but non-slaveholder states did not. 2. Identify compromised solutions reached for each topic. There was a compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan, in which the legislature was bicameral and consisted of the lower house (based on state population) and the upper house (not based on population). Also, slaves counted as 3/5 of a person when determining representation in Congress, a decision known as the Three-Fifths Compromise. Finally, the neglecting of the rights of slaves and Native Americans, as well as women, was not opposed by the Constitution.

Social Studies **Key Terms & People**

George Grenville - the prime minister of Great Britain who proposed taxing the colonists to recover from the financial crisis caused by the French and Indian War

Vice-admiralty courts -

Samuel Adams - helped found the Sons of Liberty in Boston, leader of the movement against British domination over the colonies, believes laws imposed on the colonies disregard colonists’ human rights

The Sons of Liberty - a secret society of colonists that opposed the legislation of Britain imposed upon them, and led boycotts and other methods of protest, such as the Boston Tea Party

Patrick Henry - a Virginia lawyer, presented a series of resolutions to the Virginia House of Burgesses, stating that

Committees of Correspondence -

Stamp Act Congress - delegates from nine colonies met in New York, declared that the Stamp Act was a violation of the colonists’ rights and liberties

Declaratory Act - stated that the Parliament had the power to make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever

Boston Massacre - a conflict between soldiers and colonists resulting in the deaths of three colonists, used as propaganda against the British

John Adams - cousin of Samuel Adams, a Boston lawyer who agreed to defend the soldiers

Boston Tea Party - an event in which members of the Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Indians and dumped chests of tea into the Boston Harbor


 * Main Ideas**

1. Why did the British believe it was necessary to raise taxes on the American colonists? The British believed it was necessary to raise taxes on the American colonists because of the huge sum of money lost due to the French and Indian War, which the Parliament is required to pay.

2. Identify the factors that led to the Boston Massacre & the Boston Tea Party. What message did both of these events send to the British government?

The Boston Massacre was caused by the mutual distrust between colonists and British troops deployed within the colonies. The Boston Tea Party was caused by the fear of colonist merchants and smugglers that cheap tea directly sold by the British East India Company would eventually put them out of business.

3. How did the trial of British soldiers in the colonies demonstrate once again the significance of the colonial courts?

The trial of British soldiers in the colonies demonstrates the unfairness of the judicial system in favor of the British rather than the colonists.

Write an answer to the following question: Besides searching for riches, a shorter route to Asia, and converting Natives, what similarities and differences did the explorers have? Name two similarities and two differences. (Compare and contrast)

The explorers were similar in the sense that they are almost always financed and supported by a monarch of a powerful European country (usually Spain). The monarch financed the explorer with ships, a crew, and money to enable the exploration, and in return, the explorer claimed the land discovered and the riches collected for the monarch. For example, Columbus was financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, and Magellan was sponsored by the King of Portugal. The explorers were also similar because they took advantage of naval technological advances to aid their expeditions, such as the caravel and the astrolabe.

However, the explorers were also different in many ways. For instance, some explorers, such as Pizzaro and Cortes, slaughtered and enslaved natives (i.e.: Inca, Aztec), while others, such as Drake, did no misdeeds to the natives. Another important difference between some of the explorers was the degree of success they achieved. While some explorers did in fact achieve success (i.e.: Drake was knighted for his naval accomplishments), others did not (i.e.: Balboa was falsely accused of treason and put to death by the jealous governor of Darien soon after he was honored by the King of Spain for his discoveries).

King Philip - a Wampanoag opposed the colonists’ efforts to take his people’s lands colonial militia - civilians serving as soldiers Fort Necessity - a small, simple fort built by Washington and his troops for the French and Indian War Treaty of Paris - ended the French and Indian War Chief Pontiac- a Native American chief in opposition of British settlement of the western area Proclamation of 1763 - banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Why did some Native Americans trust the French while other Native Americans trusted the British?

Different groups of Native Americans allied and traded with either the French or the British colonists, so when war broke out between the two, the Algonquin and Huron Native Americans trusted the French, while the Iroquois League Native Americans trusted the British. However, more Native Americans trusted the French colonists because the English colonies were rapidly expanding, and Native Americans were often afraid more of their land may be settled on and taken away from them by English colonists.

Why did Great Britain and France have a conflict over the Ohio River valley?

While Great Britain wanted to settle in the Ohio River Valley due to its valuable fur trade, the French believed that this would ultimately hurt their own fur trade, so a standoff between the two nations resulted.

What caused the French & Indian War?

The French and Indian War was caused by the surrendering of Fort Necessity and the consequent defeat of Washington and his troops in the battle to acquire the Ohio River Valley.

How did the map of North America change as a result of the French & Indian War?

France had to hand over all of Canada to Britain as a result of the Treaty of Paris. Britain also gained all French lands east of the Mississippi River except the city of New Orleans and two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

What new resentments [ill-will] did colonists have of Great Britain after the French & Indian War? (See video)

What common desire did both King Philip and Chief Pontiac share?

They both opposed the colonists settling in and taking their people's lands, and fought for their people's land.