Justin

=**Lecture Notes- Quiz terms**=


 * Fort Sumter**- Confederates fire on the Union Fort Sumter in South Carolina


 * 3 Events that lead to war**- Conflicts over the issue of slavery, Election of Lincoln in 1860, keeping the Union together


 * Secession-** Withdrawing from a party or a group, like the South withdrawing from the Union


 * First Bull Run-** First major battle of the war, a Union defeat.


 * Stonewall Jackson-** Brilliant Confederate general, Lee’s right hand man, got his name at the First Battle of Bull Run for defending like a “stone wall”


 * George McClellan-** The first Union Chief of Army, was too cautious and paranoid about imaginary Confederate forces which made him lose several battles


 * Robert E. Lee-** Chief of Army for the Confederacy, was a good, bold general that won many victories until the tide turned against his favor.


 * Ulysses S. Grant-** Excellent Union general who was the Chief of the Army in the later days of the war. Was responsible for the siege of Vicksburg.


 * 7 Days Battle-** A Confederate victory near Richmond which drove back the Union push towards Richmond.


 * Ironclads-** River-going ships that were armored with iron plates.


 * Anaconda Plan-** The Union plan to blockade the Southern ports and slowly starve off the Confederacy.


 * Vicksburg-** A Union victory that gave the Union control of the Mississippi and split the Confederacy in half. Grant became a hero after this.


 * Shiloh-** The bloodiest battle up until that point, the Union forces defeated the Confederates despite being surprised.


 * Emancipation Proclamation-** Lincoln’s proclamation issued in 1863 that freed all slaves in states rebelling against the Union.


 * Gettysburg Address-** A short speech given by Lincoln that praised the bravery of the soldiers and said that democracy must be preserved for latter generations.


 * Gettysburg-** The bloodiest battle of the Civil War, was the turning point of the war along with the capture of Vicksburg.


 * Pickett’s Charge-** A futile charge by Confederate forces into the center of the Union line, which devastated Confederate forces but failed to achieve any progress.


 * William Sherman-** A Union general that took Atlanta and led the March to the Sea, practicing total war, destroying southern civilian resources.


 * Wilderness Campaign-** a series of battles launched by the Union army led by the newly appointed Grant aimed at capturing Richmond, Virginia. Grant failed to achieve any progress before Lincoln's reelection, however, leaving it up to Sherman to take Atlanta and bolster Lincoln's reputation and popularity.


 * Appomattox Courthouse-** The place where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the American Civil War on April 9, 1865.


 * John Wilkes Booth-** An former actor that shot Lincoln in the back of the head, assassinating him.

**Section 5: The Tide of War Turns P536-543**
1a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? Stonewall Jackson, Lee's right hand general and a brilliant leader, was shot by his own troops and died a few days later. 1b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? The Union commanding general, Joseph Hooker, attacked Fredericksburg in November of 1862. He executed a flanking maneuver, but he hesitated, and had those troops take up defensive positions at the nearby town of Chancellorsville. Lee took advantage of this mistake and attacked the Union front while having Jackson attack the flanking forces. The Union army was almost split in two, which forced them to retreat. 2a. What was the **Gettysburg Address**? The Gettysburg Address was a short speech given by President Lincoln when dedicating the Gettysburg cemetery, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers while rededicating himself to preserving the Union. 2b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? At the Battle of Gettysburg, the Union forces managed to get good defensive positions, taking cover behind stone walls and generally having the high ground. The attacks the Confederates made were aimed at gaining good firing positions such as the Confederate push for Little Round Top, which failed. Pickett's Charge into the center of the Union lines also doomed due to well placed Union units.

3a. What was the purpose of the **Wilderness Campaign**? The Wilderness Campaign was a series of battles launched by the Union army led by the newly appointed Grant aimed at capturing Richmond, Virginia. Grant failed to achieve any progress before Lincoln's reelection, however, leaving it up to Sherman to take Atlanta and bolster Lincoln's reputation and popularity. 3b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? Sherman's capture of Atlanta helped convince the public that the war was being won and helped reelect Lincoln for his second term. Lincoln's popularity had been falling as the war dragged on, as the public wanted an end to the long war. Sherman's victory helped re-inspire the public and convinced them that the war could be won.

4a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at **Appomattox Courthouse**? By 1865, Grant's army had surrounded Lee's forces outside Richmond. Lee's forces were low on supplies and could not continue on fighting. Morale was already low from recent losses and Sherman's March to the Sea, and so Lee decided that further fighting was futile and surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. 4b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war? The economy was in ruins due to the war, the plantation farmers would no longer have slaves to pick cotton. Sherman's March to the Sea and battles left many cities destroyed and farms burnt, stirring up further hostility against the North.

**Section 3: War in the West P522-525**
1a. What role did **Ulysses S. Grant** play in the war in the West? Grant was the commander of the Union forces in the western campaign, and he helped the Union gain control of the Mississippi River with his brilliant skills, later becoming the General in Chief of the army. 1b. Why was the **Battle of Shiloh** important? The Battle of Shiloh was important as the victory helped the Union gain control of the greater Mississippi Valley, which was a vital part of the Anaconda Plan that would help defeat the Confederacy. 1c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West? Why or why not? Yes, President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions, as Lincoln was fed up with McClellan's paranoia and over-cautiousness, and was looking for a general that would take bold actions against the Confederacy, and so Lincoln would have appreciated Grant's actions.

2a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? The Union victory at New Orleans was led by Admiral Farragut, who led the Union fleet into New Orleans from the Gulf of Mexico, bypassing two Confederate forts and taking the city on April 29. New Orleans was one of the major cities of the Confederacy and was a vital part in exports, as well as being a key city on the Mississippi, control of New Orleans would give a huge advantage to the Union. 2b. How were civilians affected by the **Siege of Vicksburg?** The victory at Vicksburg split the Confederacy into two, allowing the Union control of the Mississippi. This, along with Lee's defeat at Gettysburg, helped turn the tide of the war in the Union's favor, and removed any chance of the Confederacy receiving any European help as the Confederate chances of winning were perceived as close to zero.
 * As the Union forces laid siege to the city, no supplies could go in, so food supplies dwindled, and so soldiers and civilians alike had to starve and live on whatever was edible at the time, like horses or dogs. **
 * 2c. **What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg?

=

 * Emancipation Proclamation**- Abolished slavery in the states that were rebelling against the Union, issued on January 1, 1863. It helped inspire the North again. Although it did not put it into law (13th amendment passed in 1866 did that), it still put the idea into motion.======


 * Gettysburg Address-** A 3 minute speech given by Lincoln when dedicating the Gettysburg Memorial a few months after the battle, and helped to motivate the North again.

**Section 1: The War Begins P511-515**
1a. What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? The event that triggered the American Civil War was the Confederate attack on the Union Fort Sumter in Charleston, Virginia on April 12, 1861.

1b. How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? The Union had to actually advance into southern territory, while the Confederacy only had to hold out until the Union gave up. The Union decided to wreck the South's economy by blockading their ports, preventing trade, and to divide the South by controlling the Mississippi River.

1c. Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer. I believe that the Union was best prepared for war, as they had the advantage in industry and had a higher population than that of the Confederacy, with the Union having more than 4 times the population of the South. The Union would be able to put more soldiers into battle, and produce guns and other weapons more quickly than the Confederacy could.

2a. How did women take part in the war? The civilians on both sides raised money, provided aid for the soldiers and their families, and ran emergency hospitals. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to get a medical license, formed the US Sanitary Commission in 1861, which sent medical supplies to Union hospitals. Some women also served as nurses in the Union army.

2b. In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war? The armies of both factions were compromised of volunteers who were only recently recruited due to the start of the war. These men were untrained and had no combat experience beforehand. Also, guns were sometimes in short supply.

2c. Why did men volunteer to fight in the war? Some men wanted to see action and have an exciting time, so they joined the army as war was brewing. Southerners rose up to defend their homeland and their way of life from the Union invaders.

3. Strengths and weaknesses of the North and South. The North had the advantage in numbers, with the North's 22 million to the South's 5.5 million, and had the advantage in being more developed than the South, with more factories and railroad tracks than the South. The North however, had to invade the South and control it while the South only had to defend itself until the Union wore out. The South had the advantage in food production, as it could grow its own food from the vast farmlands, and the soldiers had a good reason to fight, defending their homeland, which also allowed them to have a better grasp of the land. However, the South could never match the North's industrial output, and its economy was suffering from the Union blockade.

**Section 2: War in the East P516-521**
1a. List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. The very first battle of the Civil War was the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. The Confederate forces won the battle, and so the Union's hope of quickly winning the war was crushed. In 1862, Robert E. Lee's forces held off McClellan's forces near Richmond in the Seven Day's Battles, and prevented the Union from gaining control of Richmond. In the Second Battle of Bull Run, 1862, Confederate troops fought off Union troops led by Pope and prevented Pope's army from joining up with McClellan's forces. This victory also convinced Lee that it was time to invade the North. At the Battle of Antietam, 1862, Maryland, McClellan stopped the Confederate advance into the North while both sides took heavy casualties. The Clash of the Ironclads, the battle between the //Monitor// and //Virginia//, prevented //Virginia// from wrecking further havoc on the Union fleet.

1b. Why do you think the Union lost the ** First Battle of Bull Run? ** The outcome of the Battle of Antietam was that the Confederate push north was stopped. It helped the North gain some morale back and prevented the Confederates from reaching Washington D.C. For the South, it was their first defeat and they failed to reach their objective.
 * The Union lost the First Battle of Bull Run as the Union troops were undisciplined and no prior combat experience, and had no reinforcements. Although the Confederate troops had the same problem, there was a stream of fresh volunteers that rallied before Jackson, a brilliant general, and so were able to defeat the Union forces. **
 * 2a. **What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the ** Battle of Antietam? **
 * The Confederate Army allowed a copy of Lee's battle plan to get into Union hands, which let McClellan anticipate some of Lee's movements. **
 * 2b. **What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South?

2c. Why do you think General ** George ** ** B. McClellan ** did not finish off General ** Robert E. ** ** Lee’s ** troops when he had the chance? McClellan did not attack Lee's forces as he was too cautious; he believed that Lee had more troops in reserve to commit to the battle, and so McClellan kept some of his troops in reserve for a Confederate push. However, Lee did not have any reserves left, and so McClellan ended up letting the Confederate army escape.

3a. What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? The Union's strategy was to maintain a blockade around all the Southern ports, seriously damaging the Southern economy as it could no longer export cotton and import manufactured goods.

3b. Why were ironclads more successful than older, wooden ships? They were more successful as they had a low profile in the water, making it harder to it, and the iron armor made it impervious to damage from cannons while the ironclad's own cannons could still damage the wooden ships.

Mr. Campbell's Lecture Notes __**
 * __
 * Manifest Destiny-** The idea that it was the nation's destiny to move westward and stretch from the Pacific to the Atlantic, spreading democracy


 * Annexation of Texas-** Texas declared independence from Mexico, and after the war, the US took it over and made it a part of the US


 * Oregon Trail**- The most commonly used trail leading westward toward the Pacific, ending up on Oregon. You would travel by covered wagons.


 * Oregon Territory-** Territory up north negotiated with Britain, everything north of the 49th parallel was Canada. This defined today's borders with Canada in that region. It crossed the Rockies by the South Pass, which allowed a relatively easy passage through the mountains.


 * California Gold Rush**- 1849, the rush to move west to California after gold was discovered in hopes of striking it rich. Helped fuel westward expansion as almost 200,000 people moved west.


 * Mexican American War-** War between Mexico and America, the US would get the southwestern states like California out of it.


 * Industrialism-** Primary in the North, the North had many factories and manufactured goods, while the South was agricultural.


 * __ Main Ideas - Slavery __**

1. The significance of the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 are that they both prevented, or at least postponed the succession of the Southern states by managing to get both the North and the South to compromise on the issue of new states being a free or a slave state. This prevented succession and war at that specific time, but it only pushed back the issue further, The Kansas and Nebraska Act only worsened the relation between the two factions, as letting the state vote for itself led to widespread violence between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions living in Kansas. This act only increased the tension between the North and the South and did not solve the problem. The Dred Scott decision, which declared that slaves were not legal citizens of the United States and therefore had no rights under the law. It also declared that Congress could not abolish slavery as it would be taking away "property" and so would be violating the 5th amendment. It did not solve the issue of slavery, rather, it strengthened the abolitionists' resolve and helped the North become even more aware of the issue. The election of Abraham Lincoln had a significant impact on the issue of slavery. The southern states, fearful of an anti-slavery president, protested and eventually succeeded, electing their own president, Jefferson Davis. Soon the American Civil War would break out between the North and the South, the Union and the Confederacy. The issue of states' rights contributed to the conflict, as the south believed that the state should have the right to allow slavery, while the North believed that the Constitution did not allow it.

2. The issue of slavery was raised again after new territory was gained from the Mexican-American war and California applied for statehood. The issue of whether or not California would be a slave state or a free state caused bitter debate among the two factions in Congress, but eventually a compromise was reached. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be a free state while the new territories would be able to decide for themselves whether to be a free state or not. __Key Terms and People - Slavery__ **
 * Missouri Compromise-** An agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery members in Congress, where Maine was admitted into the Union as a free state while Missouri was admitted as a slave state, and prohibited slavery north of 36°30'N (the southern border of Missouri) in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase


 * Secession-** The act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or a political entity. For example, the Southern states seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America, declaring war on the Union in 1861.
 * Compromise of 1850-** Designed by Henry Clay, it was a series of 5 bills reaching to create another compromise between pro and anti-slavery factions over conflicts about the new territory gained from the Mexican-American War. The bills allowed California to be a free state, while the Territory of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah would be organized without mentions of slavery, allowing the population to decide later on. Texas would become smaller, slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia, and the stricter Fugitive Slave Act was passed, requiring all citizens to help in the capture of runaway slaves regardless of the state.


 * Fugitive Slave Act-** A stronger law on runaway slaves than before, it required all citizens regardless of the state's slave laws to assist in capturing runaway slaves and returning them to their owners. It also made it illegal to harbor a fugitive slave. This sparked a lot of controversy, and raised awareness of the laws to citizens in the North as they had new responsibilities and possibly had to break the law for their beliefs.


 * Uncle Tom's Cabin-** An anti-slavery novel published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the novel had far reaching effects on the nation, bringing the issue of slavery to the Northerners' attention and helped the abolitionists gain more support. It intensified the conflict between the North and the South. Bestselling novel of the 19th century.


 * Ostend Manifesto-** A secret document written in 1854 by American diplomats in Europe, detailing plans to acquire Cuba from Spain. When it was leaked to the American public, it sparked widespread outrage and caused the cancellation of the plan, setting back expansionists.


 * Kansas Nebraska Act-** Created the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and repealed the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. It allowed the settlers to decide for themselves by voting if the state was to be a slave state or not, due to the idea of popular sovereignty written into the bill. It ended up further dividing the nation. The conflict over this act split the Democratic party and formed the Republican party. Eventually Kansas was admitted into the Union as a free state in 1861 while Nebraska was not admitted until after the Civil War.


 * Dred Scott Case-** An 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled that African-Americans, whether or not they were free, were not legal citizens and could not be protected under the law. Dred Scott was a slave that had run away to the North after escaping his master when he traveled up north. The Supreme Court Justice of the time, Roger Tanney, argued the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional as it deprived the citizens of their property, slaves, without due process of the law, violating the 5th amendment.


 * John Brown's Raid**- John Brown, an abolitionist from Kansas, who led his followers into a raid on the US Arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859. He seized the arsenal, thinking slaves would join his band of fighters, but he received no help, and held out on his own until a marine detachment commanded by Robert E. Lee took back the armory and killed most of his men and took him prisoner. He was later hanged for his crime, and was viewed as a martyr by many abolitionists.


 * Election of 1860-** The election that set the stage for the Civil War, the nation had been going through conflicts over the issue of slavery during the 1850s, and in 1860 the issue came to a climax, fracturing the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions while the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, had no southern support. Lincoln managed to win the majority of the electoral votes due to the North's support, which led to the succession of several states.

Study Guide __** Alien and Sedition Acts- 1798, John Adams forbids the press from printing derogatory statements against the officials (him). This violated the first amendment as it stopped the press.
 * __

Louisiana Purchase- 1803 A purchase of land from France under Napoleon for 15 million dollars, which doubled the amount of land the US controlled. Leads to the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the new territory.

Lewis and Clark- 1st explorers of the new territory, sent by Jefferson. Went all the way to the Pacific then came back. Topography of land, rivers, flora/fauna in the new territory, and also made friendly contact with Indians.

Political Parties- Group of people with the same beliefs. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. Federalism is when the federal and state governments share power.

War of 1812- War between Britain and the United States, after the US got angry over the British taking US sailors and inciting Indians (Tecumseh). Ends in a basic draw, America has a stronger national identity. Was under Madison at the time.

Monroe Doctrine- A statement from Monroe saying it would not tolerate European interference in the Americas.

Missouri Compromise- Maine would be a free state while Missouri would be a slave state.

Sectionalism- Southern belief, the US should have sections

Nationalism- Northern belief, wants to keep states together

Andrew Jackson- 7th president of the US who starts policy of removing Indians

7 Presidents- Washington – Adams – Jefferson – Madison – Monroe – Quincy Adams - Jackson

** // Identify the major components of the Monroe Doctrine and its purpose. // The first main component was declaring that colonization in the Americas had ended, and Monroe also felt that the political systems between the European nations and America were too different and should not be mixed. Monroe said that any attempts to extend their governments over to the Americas would be seen as a threat. The second major component said that the US would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas and would not involve itself in European affairs. // How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries? // At the time, it did not have much influence as the US did not have much power to enforce the declaration. But later on it became one of the main principles of American foreign policy. The United States still considers Latin America under its sphere of influence. // Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory. // Jefferson was fearful of France extending its empire into America as Spain was relinquishing Florida to France. Jefferson feared that this might threaten American trade on the Mississippi River, and lose New Orleans, which was a major shipping port. He sent representatives to France to try to negotiate a purchase of Florida and New Orleans. Napoleon had suffered a setback in Haiti, and the war in Europe was taking up more resources than expected. So Napoleon, realizing that he could not expand the empire at the time, decided to offer the Louisiana Territory back to the Americans as he needed the troops stationed there. The delegation accepted the offer of $15 million and almost doubled the amount of territory the US controlled. __ Brown v. Board of Education __ ** //Brown v. Board of Education// was a landmark Supreme Court decision. Contrary to popular belief, //Brown// was a conglomerate of several cases from 4 states and the capital. These cases, //Briggs v. Elliot// case from South Carolina, the //Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County// case from Virginia, the //Belton v. Gebhart// from Delaware, the //Bolling v. Sharpe// case from Washington D.C. and the namesake case, //Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka// from Kansas, argued that the schools for whites and blacks were not equal as most of the schools for black students were inferior in facilities and in other aspects. With the exception of //Brown,// the district courts of the cases found that the schools were indeed inferior. However, no action was taken by the schools to desegregate, as in many of the states, segregation in public schools were required. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) organized the parents to file an appeal against the district courts to the Supreme Court. Chief NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall, who would later become the first black Supreme Court justice, argued the case for the plaintiffs. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court read the unanimous decision of the court. The court declared that the schools could not be equal when segregated, due to both the physical deficiencies and the psychological impact it had on the children. This overturned the earlier 1896 ruling in //Plessy v. Fergusson// where the Supreme Court established the "separate but equal docterine". Therefore, the state laws requiring segregation for public schools were unconstitutional.The decision desegregated the public schools, but did not take any action against the other segregated public spaces like drinking fountains. However, it was a step forward in the desegregation of all public spaces, abolishing "de jure" segregation in the United States for public schools and setting a precedent for future cases.
 * __ Monroe Doctrine __
 * Monroe Doctrine ** - A statement issued during Monroe's rule that said the US would not tolerate European interference in their affairs.
 * Louisiana Purchase ** - Purchase of land from France under Napoleon's rule, which effectively doubled the territory of the United States.

Supreme Court Decisions __** 1. There are 9 Supreme Court justices, an odd number to prevent a deadlock in votes.
 * __

2. It settles major and significant disputes in the United States, such as the issue of abortion or cloning. It decides the outcome of those cases and affects the whole nation, as their ruling is law. The rulings also carry onto the future, and affect the nation both in the present and in the future.

3. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the Supreme Court. It was created with only 6 justices and 13 lower district courts. Now, there are 9 justices and hundreds of lower district courts. It was started with the idea of settling disputes between states, but grew into what it is now.

4. The Marbury v. Marshall case was important because it was the first time the Supreme Court declared a law unconstitutional. It basically started the practice of the Supreme Court checking over Congress’s laws. Marbury, who had been elected as the Justice of Peace in the District of Columbia, failed to receive his commission. He had been appointed by John Adams in the final days of his presidency, and when Thomas Jefferson came into power, he told his Secretary of State not to deliver the commissions, as he did not want members of the opposing party in his government. Marbury sued Madison for failing to deliver his commission. The justice of the court, John Marshall, denied Marbury’s petition, saying that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which Marbury based his claims on, was unconstitutional.


 * __

Lewis and Clark __** Jefferson wanted the west as he wanted more land for the nation, and because he dreamed of a nation that stretched across the whole continent. As he was a Virginian, he always wanted more land, for his tobacco fields. He also had a grand vision of a giant nation which stretched from coast to coast, and was bound by a political concept, liberty, rather than economic or geographical reasons. Also, as he was a man from the Enlightenment age, he was fascinated by the rumors of the west and wanted to learn more about it.
 * Why did Jefferson want the west?**

Lewis was an ideal leader for the Corps as he had good political connections, and was a detached, cool leader. He was the right hand man of Jefferson, dining with him every night and so he was hand picked for this task of exploring the new territory. He also was never entirely comfortable around his men, and was never involved in their affairs with the native women and such.
 * Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery?**

William Clark was a military man, like Lewis, but was the older one of the two. He could always find a solution to a problem. He was at ease with the men unlike Lewis, and could lead them to give the Corps the discipline Lewis needed. He was also a good cartographer. While his maps weren’t masterpieces, he had a natural feel of the land and could predict the course the river would take when it went out of his line of sight. He also could convert his horizontal perspective into a vertical perspective of a map very well. Lewis needed a good man he could trust, so he picked Clark. After the expedition, he had a successful career in St. Louis dealing with the Indians.
 * What kind of man was William Clark**

She was an Indian who had been captured by another tribe when she was little, and so could speak both of their languages as well as French. She was hired to help translate for Lewis and Clark on the expedition. As she was carrying a baby along, it helped the expedition convince the Indians that they were a peaceful expedition, not a war party. She also had good connections with a tribe, as her brother was the chief, and so that tribe helped the expedition get horses. She also taught the expedition how to find some edible plants and could read the land.
 * Who was Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition?**

York had a better life in the expedition than compared to his normal life. He was a full member of the expedition and was equal to the other members regardless of his race, and was He could vote, and had his own rifle. He was very popular with the Indians due to his skin, and some thought that it was something he could wash off. He was very big and muscular, and made his contribution to the expedition, saving Clark’s life at one time.
 * What was life like for York, Clark’s black slave, during the expedition?**

Lewis and Clark tried to do three things with each Indian tribe they met. They had to tell them that they were now a part of the United States, they wanted to document them, and wanted to establish trade relations with them. However, they also wanted them to stop fighting, which was a main part of the Indian culture. They had a regular pattern to introducing themselves, including impressing Indians with industrial goods, negotiations, and the showing of the American flag.
 * How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered?**

They were intrigued by prairie dogs, had a lot of trouble with mosquitoes, and had a few encounters with grizzly bears. But most of all, they were impressed by the enormous herds of buffalo roaming the plains. The ground would reverberate with the snorting of the buffalo. In modern times, you cannot see buffalo on the great plains at all, but back then, there were tons. The expedition discovered almost 200 new plants, and about 100 new species of animals.
 * What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover?**

Private Hall was given 100 lashes after stealing some whiskey from the expedition barrel, which helped prevent desertion. They also had to name a lot of new features, so they started naming it after the members, and then later on, named them based on its characteristics. A river would be named "Milk River" due to its color. A dog named Seaman was a “member” of the expedition and helped chase out a rogue buffalo out of the camp.
 * What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition?**

The Indians started becoming more dependent on the settlers and the expedition marked the beginning of an end for them. It’s also a tale of adventure like the Odyssey, like a great big American road trip. It also teaches us about the value of teamwork, as the expedition could not have gotten that far without cooperation between the members.
 * What is the larger historical significance of the expedition?**


 * __

Section 1: Washington Leads a New Nation __** 1a. What role did the electoral college play in **George Washington’s** election to the presidency? The Electoral College, composed of delegates from the 11 states that signed the constitution, unanimously voted him as the new president of the United States. The electoral college, which would be based on population of each state, would vote on future presidents.

1b. What were some of **Martha** **Washington’s** duties as First Lady? She entertained guests and attended social events with her husband.

2a. What **precedent** did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? They established the departments and had meetings with the department heads, who advised the new president. This created the cabinet, and future presidents would meet with the heads of each department in cabinet meetings.

2b. What was the purpose of the **Judiciary** **Act of 1789**? The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the 3 levels of federal courts and their power and relationships to the state courts.

2c. What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why? I think the president appointing the judges with the Senate’s approval is important, as it set the precedent for future presidents so they could elect judges of their choice, like Thurgood Marshall, which bought much-needed racial diversity into the Supreme Court.

3a. What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? New York City was the new capital of the nation, as it and Philadelphia were the only two cities with a population above 25,000. It also had a bustling economy, and its growth would reflect the potential future of the new country.

3b. What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation? They wanted improved trade, free from too many restrictions, but they wanted the government to keep the economy stable as well. Most of the population were farmers, and did not want government interference in their lives. The merchants wanted simpler trade laws established, and manufacturers wanted protection from foreign competitors.

3c. Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United States? Explain your answer. No, I do not, because while NYC is still the financial capital of the US, most of the political decisions are made in Washington DC, and so the capital should be located there. However, if moving the capital means that all the political decisions will be made there (IE, Congress meets at NYC) then yes, it should be the new capital as the nation's economy is centered around there.

4. Review your notes on George Washington. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to compare how Washington and Congress organized the new government. They created the departments in the Executive branch, and had the president pick the department heads who would advise him on matters. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which defined the federal courts, and Washington would pick the judges.

1a. What economic problems did the new government face? The nation owed money to both foreign countries and its citizens, but it couldn’t afford to pay all of it. The United States owed about $11.7 million to foreign countries and about $40.4 million to U.S. citizens. The government raised money with bonds, which were certificates of debt. It promised that the government would buy back the bonds at a higher price, but the new nation could not afford that.
 * __ Section 2: Hamilton and National Finances __**

1b. What compromise did **Alexander** **Hamilton**, **Thomas Jefferson**, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? Hamilton promised to convince the northern congressmen to move the capital while the other two promised to convince the southerners of Hamilton’s plan. It worked, and the capital would be moved to what is now Washington D.C.

2a. What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? Hamilton wanted a strong central government, Jefferson wanted more power to the states. Hamilton wanted a strong central government that balanced the power of the people between the wealthy citizens and the mass of the people. Jefferson believed it was the citizens’ rights to rule the country.

2b. Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? Hamilton, a New Yorker, would be more inclined towards the industrial side and favor the wealthy, but Jefferson would favor the average famers as he came from the more rural and agricultural state.

2c. Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. No, I do not, as they would not have the wide range of information about the country’s doings as the government officials would, and would probably make decisions that would only benefit themselves, and not the whole nation. For example, farmers would only make decisions that would profit the farmers and would probably not care about the industrial part of the country as much.

3a. Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the **Bank of the United States**? He believed that Congress did not have the power to create a bank, as it was not stated in the constitution. He also thought that this would give too much power to the federal government.

3b. What is the difference between **loose** **construction** and **strict construction** of the Constitution? The difference is that loose construction allows congress to perform reasonable actions that are not specifically stated in the constitution while strict constitution only allows it to perform actions that are specifically stated.

3c. Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. The new nation needs someplace safe to invest all its money and from where citizens can receive loans to start businesses

4. Review your notes on U.S. economic problems and Hamilton’s solutions. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to show how Hamilton's views on the economy differed from those of Thomas Jefferson.
 * || Hamilton || Jefferson ||
 * Bonds || Should pay in full value || Should not pay in full value as that would profit the speculators. ||
 * Economy || Wanted to promote manufacturing and business || Thought the farmers were the most independent voters ||
 * Tariffs || Wanted higher tariffs so that the American industry would be protected || Wanted lower tariffs so that the cost of the goods that famers bought would be low ||
 * National Bank || Wanted to create one so the government could store money || Believed that this was against the Constitution and gave too much power to the Federal government. ||

Forming a New Government PtII: Immersion
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__ Key Terms: **
 * Constitution-** a set of laws that state the powers and duties of the government.
 * Virginia Plan-** a proposal in which the government had supreme power, and a legislative branch with two houses based on state population.
 * New Jersey Plan-** a proposal in which the legislative branch would have one house with equal representation of states rather than by state population.
 * Compromise-** an agreement by two parties by mutual compromise
 * The Great Compromise-** A compromise establishing that the lower house would have representation based on population and the upper house having two delegates from each state.
 * Three-Fifths Compromise-** A compromise establishing that slaves would be counted as 3/5ths of a person when determining the population of the state.
 * Electoral college-** set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate for a particular office

1. Should the government's power come from the states or the people? Most delegates believed that the power should come from the people, as it was stated in the Declaration of Independence. But a weak central government caused many problems, so a compromise was reached by having a system of checks and balances, with three branches of the government having power over each other.

2. Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? The New England states argued that the slaves should not be counted as part of the population as that would give the Southern states an advantage in population. The southern states did not want to cede this advantage, so a compromised and had each slave count as 3/5ths of a person.

3. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? This was another issue that conflicted between the northern and southern states. The northern states wanted to outlaw slavery, while the southern states needed them, as they were vital for their plantations. The compromise was that the slave trade would be allowed until the end of 1807.

4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? The delegates knew that they needed a stronger central government, so they named one person to lead the executive branch (the president). But his power was not unlimited; they were kept in check by the other two branches of government, the legislative and judicial.

5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? The president had to be elected by the people, but since counting all the individual votes would be impractical, they decided to have the population elect representatives who would instead vote for them.

Main Ideas- Conflict with England __** 1. //Why did the British believe it was necessary to raise taxes on the American colonists?// The British had stationed troops in the colonies to protect them after the French and Indian War. To pay for the upkeep of the army, and the war itself, the Parliament decided to raise taxes to help pay for the costs.
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2. //Identify the factors that led to the Boston Massacre & the Boston Tea Party. What message did both of these events send to the British government?// The colonists were unhappy with the British decisions, such as stationing troops in Boston (to restore order after the Townshend Act protests) and the Tea Act (1773). The tensions built up between the two, and caused the Boston Massacre. People were still angry at the British, and when the Tea Act was passed, the tea was thrown into the harbor to protest the Tea Act. The message sent to the British government was that the colonists did not like being taxed without representation.

3. //How did the trial of British soldiers in the colonies demonstrate once again the significance of the colonial courts?// This showed that the colonial courts had an equal and fair trial, even when the defendants were people who shot colonists. Colonist lawyers still defended the British even though everyone was angry at them for the shootings.

The similarities between the explorers are that most of them were inspired by tales of adventure, and that most of them were sponsored by a major country of that time. Cortes wanted to become famous like Columbus, Ponce de Leon trained himself to be a warrior so he could explore, and Balboa wanted to join expeditions after hearing tales of adventure. Some were from a port city, like Genoa, so they became sailors. The sponsoring countries of the explorers were Spain, England, Portugal, or Italy, with Cartier from France. Not all of the explorers started out wealthy, though.

The differences between them are that some explorers died during their voyages while others didn’t, and that only some returned with any riches. Cortes, Drake, Coronado, Cartier, and Cabot all lived after their voyages, but the rest were either killed during the expedition or executed for treason. Pizarro, Cortes, and Balboa managed to find or loot gold, with Drake attacking Spanish ships along the way. The rest all failed to find any, or wasn’t looking for gold in the first place.