jenny

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- American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the //Clermont//, which lead to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people. Confederacy leader. ======

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-served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command ofmilitary strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth " policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States .======

How the Civil War Ends P. 536-543
1a. What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville? - Lee's trusted general, Stonewall Jackson, was accidentally shot by his own troops. He died a few days later.

1b. Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville? - Neither section of the Confederate army was in a good position to defend Fredericksburg. However, Burnside’s army experienced delays in crossing the Rappahannock River. These delays allowed Lee’s army to reunite and entrench themselves around Fredericksburg. Finally, the Union army crossed the Rappahannock and launched a series of charges. These attacks had heavy casualties and failed to break the Confederate line. Eventually, after suffering about 12,600 casualties.

2a. What was the **Gettysburg Address**? - President Lincoln gave a speech called the Gettysburg Address, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War.

2b. Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg? - Lee knew that he could win the battle if his troops captured Little Round Top from the Union forces. From this hill, Lees troops could easily fire down on the line of Union forces. Union forces and Confederate troops fought viciously for control of Little Round Top. The fighting was particularly fierce on the south side of the hill. Also, Picket divided his forces into three regions which took the Confederates by surprise. 3a. What was the purpose of the **Wilderness Campaign**? --The Union troops launched this.It is a series of battles designed to capture the Confederate capitol at Richmond, Virginia.

3b. In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln? -Many people in the North had been upset with the length of the war. However, the capture of Atlanta showed that progress was being made in defeating the South. This success helped to convince Union voters to re-elect Lincoln in a landslide.

4a. What events led to Lee’s surrender at **Appomattox Courthouse**? - General James Longstreet told about the condition of Confederate troops. Trapped by the Union army, Lee recognized that the situation was hopeless.

4b. What problems did the South face at the end of the war? -Lee hoped to join other Confederates in fighting in North Carolina, but Grant cut off his escape just west of Richmond. Lee tried some last minute attacks but could not break the Union line. Lee’s forces were running low on supplies.

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P. 225-535
1a. What role did ** Ulysses S. Grant ** play in the war in the West? -Ulysses S. Grant was the commander of the Union in the western campaign, and he had helped the Union get the Mississippi River, also he became the General in Chief of the army.

1b. Why was the ** Battle of Shiloh ** important? -The Battle of Shiloh was important because the Union won and gained control of the greater Mississippi Valley, which was an important part of the Anaconda Plan that would help defeat the Confederacy.

1c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant’s actions in the West? Why or why not? --President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions because Lincoln was fed up with McClellan's paranoia and quite cautiousness. He was looking for a general that would be very audacious and be bold with actions against the Confederacy.

2a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? -The Union's taking of New Orleans was important because New Orleans was a major city (for the Confederacy) and had important exports. Also, it was a key city on the Mississippi. This victory would give lots of advantages to the Union.

2b. How were civilians affected by the ** Siege of Vicksburg? ** ** --The victory at Vicksburg split the Confederacy into two, giving the Union Mississippi. This, along with Lee's defeat at Gettysburg, helped the war in the Union's favor, and stopped the Confederacy from receiving any European help as the Confederate chances of winning were perceived as close to zero.
 * -The Union forces put a stop to the city; supplies couldn't go in, so food supplies became scarce, and soldiers or civilians both starved and lived on horses/dogs.
 * 2c. **What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg?

3.Battle of Shiloh Cause - large revel army directed by Johnston tried the knit assault in the grant's camp. Effect - 2 days of bloody battles. Johnston got killed. 10thousand casualties from both armies. Another defeat by the south. The Siege of the Vicksburg Cause - Vicksburg as unimportant strategy place near Mississippi river. Grants army heading south Farragut's soldiers heading north from new Orleans. Effect - The tide of the war in the west inclines to the control of the Union army.

=-= **Civil war Notes**

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9. Ulysses E. Grant will later become general of the North and the president of the United States ======

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c. Jefferson Davis appoints Robert E Lee ( greatest generals in American history)======

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16. Lee is afraid that Union forces will overwhelm and break through them======

== =Emancipation Proclamation= Lincoln says 1863 The slaves are free; abolish slavery = = =Gettysburg Adress= speech at a cemetery which inspired the North to continue on to victory given by Lincoln. = -- = =HOLT ONLINE REVIEW=


1a. What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? -The event that triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy was the battle on Fort Sumter.

1b. How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? -The Union's strategy differed from that of the confederacy by the farms of the South that provided the food for their armies. Also, they only had to defend themselves until the North grew tired of the fight. The Northern generals were forced to attack the Confederate troops from the side.

1c. Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer. - The Northern side was best prepared for war. This is because they mad much more factories and industrial developments compared to South. Also, they had a larger population which meant a larger army.

2a. How did women take part in the war? -Women took part in the war by rasing money and making uniforms for the soldiers. Others would be a nurse and help the wounded.

2b. In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared Fort Sumter or war? -The North and South weren't at a state of un-preparedness and they just rushed ahead to war. They didn't have enough soldiers, food, shelter, and weren't organized enough for this war. = 2c. Why did men volunteer to fight in the war? - Men volunteered to fight in the war because they wanted to believe in their country and become patriots. Some wanted to raise money for their families too. = = 3. Strengths and weaknesses of the North and South. - The North had strength because they were great in numbers compared to the South. They had 22 million while the South only had 5.5 million. They had more factories too (industrial revolution). Yet, they had to invade the south while the South had to defend themselves until the North gave up. Also, the South had better food because they had many farms. However, the South still had way less people and their economy was going down from the Union Blockade. = = =


1a. List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. - First Battle of Bull Run - Confederate victory (showed the Civil War wouldn't be won easily) - Second Battle of Bull Run - Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia. - Battle of Antietam - inconclusive

1b. Why do you think the Union lost the **First Battle of Bull Run? - The Union lost the First Battle of Bull run because the Confederates had a great communication (superior). A confederate signal tower sighted the Union advance across Sudly Ford. The Union attack at the Stone Bridge was shown as a feint. **

2a. What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the **Battle of Antietam? - Confederacy made a costly mistake before the Battle of Antietam. The leaders had planned and decided to split up Lee's army, but the Union soldiers found a copy of Lee's battle plan. They left an abandoned Confederate camp. McClellan (general) had learned that Lee had divided his army so that he could attack Harpers Ferry. However, McClellan had hesitated when he was supposed to attack making time enough for the Confederates to reunite.

2b. **What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? - The outcome of the Battle of Antietam was inconclusive. However, the North did win a strategic advantage giving them that advantage.

= 2c. Why do you think General **George** **B. McClellan** did not finish off General **Robert E.** **Lee’s** troops when he had the chance? - General George B. McClellan didn't finish off General Robert E. Lee's troops when he had the chance because he thought General Lee had more troops in the reserve. However, he was paranoid; Lee didn't have any more troops. He thought that Lee had more troops in reserve, so he didn't attack. But he was paranoid, and Lee had no troops in reserve. He was waiting and thinking that an attack would come, but it didn't. 3a. What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? - The union's strategy in the war at sea was that they set up a blockade of southern ports. This blockage had prevented the South from selling or receiving goods damaging their economy. It was quite hard to maintain the blockade because the Union's navy had to patrol thousands of miles of coastlines from Texas to Virginia. In the south, they used small, fast ships to outrun the larger union warships. Most of the blockade runners traveled to Bahamas or Nassau to buy supplies for the confederacy. It reduced ships entering the southern ports from six thousand to eight hundred. 3b. Why were **ironclads** more successful than older, wooden ships? - Ironclads were more successful than older, wooden ship because these ships were armed heavily with iron everywhere. Wooden shapes are too dangerous because they might get exploded and wood is easily broken. Steel is a better material to use for building ships because they are more easy to make into shapes. -- MR C's LECTURE NOTES!!!=

-** idea that the nation's destiny (democracy) to move westward and stretch from Pacific ~ Atlantic ocean.
 * Manifest Destiny

-** Texas declared independence from Mexico, and US took it
 * Annexation of Texas

- trails leading westward toward the Pacific, going over rivers, mountains, and the like.
 * Oregon Trail**

-** Territory up north negotiated with Britain, everything north of the 49th parallel was Canada. It helped figure out the border for Canada. - rush to move west to California after gold was discovered in hopes of striking it rich. Helped fuel westward expansion.
 * Oregon Territory
 * California Gold Rush**

-** War between Mexico and America, the US would get the southwestern states (ex. CALI) from this war.
 * Mexican American War

-** the North had many factories and manufactured goods, but the south was mostly agricultural.
 * Industrialism

= K ey Terms= -** agreement in 1820 (pro-slavery and anti-slavery members in Congress), Maine was admitted into Union as free state while Missouri was admitted as a slave state
 * Missouri Compromise

-** The act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or a political entity. For example, the Southern states seceded from the Union to form the Confederate States of America, declaring war on the Union in 1861. Succussion means to withdraw; create a new country. -** Henry Clay, it was a series of 5 bills reaching to create another compromise between pro and anti-slavery factions over conflicts about the new territory gained from the Mexican-American War. California became a free state and the other states got to choose themselves.
 * Secession
 * Compromise of 1850

-** law that states if you help a slave you are doing an illegal doing. All slaves that run away must return to their owner.
 * Fugitive Slave Act

-** anti-slavery novel published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the novel had far reaching effects on the nation, bringing the issue of slavery to the Northerners' attention and helped the abolitionists gain more support. It intensified the conflict between the North and the South. Bestselling novel of the 19th century.
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin

-**. It allowed the settlers to decide for themselves by voting if the state was to be a slave state or not. It ended up further dividing the nation because they were killing each other.
 * Kansas Nebraska Act

-** An 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled that African-Americans, whether or not they were free, were not legal citizens and could not be protected under the law. He is a black slave, and went to a free state with his master, but took his court to the supreme court.
 * Dred Scott Case

- John Brown is a madman and hated the south. So he got fired up people read the book and murdered in cold blood 4 people from the south with slaves. So eventually, they hanged him because they called him a murderer from the south. However, the north called him a hero.
 * John Brown's Raid**

-** Election of President Lincoln. He is trying to hold the union together as these events come up. The election that set the stage for the Civil War, the nation had been going through conflicts over the issue of slavery during the 1850s, and in 1860 the issue came to a climax, fracturing the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions while the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, had no southern support. Lincoln managed to win the majority of the electoral votes due to the North's support, which led to the succession of several states.
 * Election of 1860

-Monroe Dotrine: The **Monroe Doctrine** was an exclusive statement of American policy warning European powers not to interfere with the Americas. -Louisiana Purchase: The Louisiana Purchase (French: //Vente de la Louisiane// "Louisiana Sale") was the acquisition by the United States of America of 828,800 square miles (2,147,000 km2) of the [|French] territory [|Louisiane] in [|1803]. The U.S. paid 60 million [|francs] ([|$]11,250,000) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ($3,750,000), a total cost of $15,000,000 for the Louisiana territory.

1. How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries? -- The Monroe Doctrine is simply a "policy" statement made by President James Monroe in 1823 that essentially warned Europe against any further colonization in the Westrn Hemisphere. We would stay on our side of the Atlantic and they should stay on theirs.This was a particularly opportune time since Spain's once great empire in this hemisphere was crumbling and she was on here way out anyway. It implied military force against any who attempted incursion into the area of the world that the United States considered it's domain. Later Teddy Roosevelt would issue his Corrollary to the Monroe Doctrine that will make the threat of force more implicit. The United States would eventually throw the last remnants of the Spanish Empire out of the hemisphere in 1898 in a 100 day conflict known as the Spanish-American War. The Monroe Doctrine has been called upon many times in American history to justify American actions in South and Central America. The threat to America's security in the region has changed with time, but as the Cuban Missile crisis in 1961 illustrated, the threats were often genuine. 2.Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory. -- The circumstances under which the Louisiana Territory was purchased was that Thomas Jefferson attempted to avoid war with France over the port of New Orleans by offering to buy New Orleans from France. France responded by asking if the United States wanted to buy all of the Louisiana Territory.

1. How many supreme court justices are there? - 9 2. What is the supreme court? What does it do? - It is just a building with nine justices, and they decide the fate of huge, important issues. 3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? What is judicial Review? - It was a law created in this branch of federal government. At first ,there were only 6 supreme courts because there were very few people. But now its 100 (district court) and there are 9 supreme courts. They can settle and dispute between states. Supreme court is the law of the land. Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm. 4. What was the story of Marbury vs Madison? -Marbury Vs Madison is a landmark case (1803) in the United States Law. It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the united stands under Article III of the Constitution.

Brown versus the Board of Education Summary

- Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark decision that the United States Supreme Court decided on. Well, there used to be state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students. The white students denied black children and thought it was wrong to give them equal educational opportunities. On May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous decision stated that "separate education facilities are inherently unequal." So, de jure racial segregation was considered a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment (from the United States Constitution). This was a great victory for the African Americans and other people that were considered "black." This paved the way for integration and the civil rights movement. Personally, I totally disagree with how black children had to be separated from whites because they didn't deserve the equal educational opportunities. It is not fair, and people shouldn't judge others on the color of their skin. All men were created equal, so they should be treated equal. After all, that was why America was created. So, the people of America should follow their nation's rule of equality.

1. Why did Jefferson want to explore the West? -Jefferson wanted land, and he had a mind that encompassed the continent. He envisioned the creation of a great nation that would stretch from sea to sea, that would be bound together by a political concept, not by geography. That would be bound together by a political concept, not by commerce. And he wanted to spread that liberty all the way out to the West Coast and make this one great nation, joined together by democratic principals as expressed in his Northwest Ordinance, which was one of his greatest of many gifts to the American people. 2. Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery? -He was the most fascinating member of the expedition, the leader, but also probably the most complex. A man fraught with with serious emotional problems but also a man of of great character, great integrity, truly marvelous insightful leadership. So, he was the perfect ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery. 3. What kind of man was William Clark? - Lewis was the older of the two. He always had to find a solution, no matter what the problem was. He had sense in a way, and was the rod in the spine of Lewis. Thanks to his force of personality, his capacity to deal with men, all whom were not formally educated was very good. That gave Lewis his discipline and his intelligence the force, the power to make it, make it go, to make it active. 4. Who is Sacagawea, and how did she aid the expedition? -We don't have much information about her. She never wrote anything because she lacks the ability to write. However, she made a series of imaginative leaps to try and understand what it is to be a young Shoshoni, to be a Shosoni, living among the Minitari. She probably was away from her native tribe for about five to six years. She was probably only 14 years old when she married. She was quite good at being a guide to Lewis and Clark. She played an important role because she could read the landscape fairly well. She could even read the rivers and valleys. She helped find food and was good at it. 6. How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered? - Every time they met an Indiant tribe, they had three things they wanted to do. They wanted to talk to them for Jefferson, and establish trade relationships (since they are going to be part of the United States). They wanted to tell them that they had a new Great Father. They also wanted them to stop fighting because it didn't help them for trade and as a nation. 7. What kind of animals did they discover? - There were a lot of prairie dogs and they always went into their holes. They also found mosquitoes very troublesome. They were annoying to them and bothered them. You could not get your food into your mouth without a mouthful of mosquitoes. They even encountered big grizzly bears. Someone was killed, and they killed one grizzly bear. They got the big claws as a mark of honor for them to kill one. They were chased by them too. If they saw a lot of buffalo, it mean they reached paradise because buffalos roam around areas with lots of food and shelter. 8. What are some of the lesser known stories? - They've got a huge supply of whiskey along to get them through to the Great Falls. When they ran out, they measured out the whiskey, gave them about enough, a gill of whiskey (4 ounces), enough so that under today's conditions you would be legally drunk if you were driving. THen, they added water to strech it out. So when Pvt. Hall stole some whiskey one day (taking more than his share), they had a court martial, he was found guilty. They whipped him 100 times. The Indian chief who saw this said they beat a man because their whiskey was stolen. They had a dog (Lewis's) and it was very big and suffered mightily; mostly because of mosquitoes. 9. What is the larger historical significance of the expedition? - We sometimes consider this expeidtion as the great American odyssey. We're forever going somewhere, All the coyote sotries begin. Coyote was going there, and the Kiowa people are going somehwere. The Lewis and Clark journey is so accessible, we acn all get on board. They didn't provide the legal framework for an American claim. THey led a journey of wonder and excitement full of frightening dangerous adventure.
 * 5. What was life for York, Clark's black slave, during the expedition? ||
 * -He was very loyal to Clark. He made invaluable contributions to the expedition many times. He risked his life saving Clark from a flash flood on the Missouri River near Great Falls in present-day Montana. He went hunting and bringing in the game, putting up the captain's tents, managing the sails, plying his oar, and much more. He was part of the team.

CHAPTER 7, SECTION 1 1a) In January 1789, 11 states had passed the Constitution sent electors to choose their first president, George Washington. These delegates formed a group called the electoral college. A body of electors who represent the people's vote in choosing the president. The electoral college selected Washington unanimously, and John Adams became his vice president. 1b) Washington’s wife, First Lady **Martha Washington**, entertained guests and attended social events with her husband. 2a) The First Congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Washington met with the department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him. 2b) To set up the federal court system and the courts' location, congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789. This created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. 2c) The most important part was the the president nominated candidates for federal judgeships because those candidates then had to be approved or rejected by the senate. 3a) The new capital was New York City. Philadelphia and New York City had a population above 25,000. They had a good economy, and their growth reflected the future of a new country. 3b) Americans had a high expectation for the new country. They wanted to improve trade, free from too many restrictions. But they also expected the government to protect them and to keep the economy stable. The idea of belonging to one united nation was new to them. Merchants also wanted simpler laws. 3c) Yes, because New York City still has quite a large population. Also, it represented the spirit of the new nation while others still had fear. Although New York City was as badly damaged as the rest of the cities, they quickly recovered and got rid of British signs of rule.

CHAPTER 7, SECTION 2 1a) The biggest challenge was paying off the national debt (money owed by the United States) from the Revolutionary War. They owed about 1.7 million dollars to foreign countries and about 40.4 million dollars to the USA citizens. The government could not keep the promise of the bonds. 1b) Hamilton planned to pay the foreign debt immediately and gradually repay the total value of all bonds. The second part of his plan caused disagreements because paying full value would allow speculators to make a profit. 2a) Jefferson wanted more power given to the states while Hamilton wanted a strong central government. Jefferson thought it was the citizens' rights to rule their own country, but hamilton wanted to balance to power of the people (wealthy citizens and the mass of people). 2b) New Yorkers favor the wealthy and are more interested in the industrial sides, but Viriginians care more about farmers that are averaged since he came from a rural part of the country (agriculture sides). 2c) I agree with Hamilton, because men do have interests in only their true interests, not much of public affairs. 3a) Jefferson had thought that the Congress wouldn't be able to create a bank because they didn't have the power to do so. Also, he thought this would make the federal government too powerful. 3b) Loose construction means that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid. People who favor strict construction think that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do. 3c) America really needs to organize its money system, and have a place to store a money where citizens can trust and rely on. This could help financially and create businesses. This will give more jobs too.


 * !0/10:. Fridays assignment to be posted by next class.Write an answer to the following question: Besides searching for riches,a shorter route to Asia,and converting Natives,what similarities and differences did the exploreres have?Name two similarities and two differences.(Compare and contrast)**

-There are quite a few similiarities between the explorers that we have been recently studying. Many of them had wanted to become great sailors, and heard many fascinating tales that created to yearning of sailing out and making new discoveries. For example: Francisco Pizarro, Vasco de Balboa, Hernando de Soto, and many more had heard tales that interested them about new discoveries. Also,a majority were sponsored from Spain (Francisco Pizarro, Francisco Vasquez Decoronado, Vasco de Balboa, Juan Ponce de Leon, Hernando de Soto, Hernando Cortes, etc.) Most of the explorers were very cruel to Native Americans and made them into slaves. THis sometimes lead to their own death (revenge). An example would be that Hernando Cortes had treated the Native Americans brutally and even made the Natives sacrifice themselves to please him. Also, all of them had went back and forth from their own country to the new lands they discovered resulting in many voyages.

- There are quite a few differences as well between the explorers I just mentioned. Not all explorers went out searching for riches. Some explorers wanted to conquer lands, in fact Francisco Vasquez De Coronado was known as the Conquistador. Vasco de Balboa even became Puerto Rico's governor! Some explorers had terrible childhoods, and some came from wealthy families. Francisco Pizarro grew up learning how to read or write, Giovanni da Verrazano grew up wealthy & received good education, but Francisco Vasquez De Coronado left home at an early age because parents promised family fortune to his older brother. Vasco de Balboa's father wasn't wealthy which made his childhood a harsh condition.

KEY TERMS & PEOPLE 1. Constitution - the way in which a thing is composed or made up; makeup  2. Virginia Plan - a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a legislature of two houses with proportional representation in each house and executive and judicial branches to be chosen by the legislature.  3. New Jersey Plan - a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state.  4. Great Compromise - The Great Compromise combined these two plans creating our current legislature with two houses, one based on population and elected by the people and the other house allowing two senators per state being appointed by state legislatures. <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana;"> 5. Three Fifths Compromise - compromise between southern and northern states reached during the Phildelphia Convention of 1787 in which 3/5 of the slaves' population would be counted for enumeration

6. Electoral College - set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office.

MAIN IDEAS
 * 1) Should the government's power come from the states or the people?
 * 2) According to the Declaration of Independence, people wanted to govern themselves. Also, the people have created and fought for this country, so they should have a right to rule.
 * 3) Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress?
 * 4) In the Declaration of Independence, it says "All men were created equal." I think Jefferson meant that people should be treated equal as well, and slaves are certain people that should be given rights since all men were created and should be treated equal.
 * 5) Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue?
 * 6) Slave trade should be outlawed, and should be a put a stop at. Well, slaves are humans, and all men were created equal. So, why not treat them equal as well.
 * 7) Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch?
 * 8) A sing person shouldn't be allowed to lead the executive branch. This gives them too much power, and it could cause greed.
 * 9) Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people?
 * 10) The chief executive (president) should be elected by the people. The people are the ones that will have to respect the chief executive, so shouldn't they be the ones to elect one? They are the ones living in the country, so they should elect their country's president. ||