Jane

Civil War Vocabulary 4 years 1. Fort Sumter First attack in South Sig. Lincoln decided to have war

2. Events that led up the War Slavery Lincoln's election Compromise Dred Scott Uncle Tom's Cabin Issue of when the country being slave or free state Industiral Revolution

3. Secession To withdraw from the Union

4. First Bull Run Confederates won Stonewall Jackson led the victory

5. Stonewall Jackson Led the First Bull Run into the victory Died at Chancellorsville

6. General Mcclellan The first Union Chief of Army against the Robert Lee

7. Robert E. Lee General of the Confederates who led many victories until the tide of the war changed.

8. 7 days Battle Confederate victory which forced the Union to retreat from Richmond

9. Ironclads The ship with the iron which was very strong

10. Anaconda Plan The Union plan to blockade the Southern ports and slowly starve off the Confederacy.

11. Vicksburg A Union victory that gave the Union control of the Mississippi and split the Confederacy in half.

12. Grant General of the Union wilderness Campaign - finally he led the victory against Lee

13. Shiloh The bloodiest battle up until that point, the Union forces defeated the Confederates despite being surprised. Also they gained greater control of the Mississippi River valley. 14. Appotomax The place where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the American Civil War on April 9, 1865. 15. Booth - killed Lincoln

16. Sherman Union General, Wilderness Campaign A Union general that took Atlanta and led the March to the Sea. 17. Picketts charge A futile charge by Confederate forces into the center of the Union line, which devastated Confederate forces but failed to achieve any progress. 18. Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s proclamation issued in 1863 that freed all slaves in states rebelling against the Union. 19. Gettysburg The bloodiest battle of the Civil War, was the turning point of the war along with the capture of Vicksburg 20. Gettysburg Address Lincoln's speech which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War.

21. Wilderness Campaign a series of battles launched by the Union army led by the newly appointed Grant aimed at capturing Richmond, Virginia. Grant failed to achieve any progress before Lincoln's reelection, however, leaving it up to Sherman to take Atlanta and bolster Lincoln's reputation and popularity. (Grant failed to take the Confederate capital, Richmond.)

Stonewall Jackson was dead during the War of Chancelllorsbvile. He was Lee' right hand general who led many wars in the victory, was shot by his own troops. ||  || The Union general, Joseph Hooker ordered about 115,000 of his troops to split off and approach the Confederate’s flank, or side. But for some reason he hesitated and had his flanking troops take a defensive position at Chancellorsville. This gave Lee a chance to attack them, and his troops had to retreat. ||  || It was Lincoln's speech when dedicating the Gettysburg cemetery, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War. ||  || At the Battle of Gettysburg, the Union forces had very good defensive positions. They took over behind the stone walls and made Confederates failed the push for Little Round top. Also it prevented Pickett's Charge into the center of their lines due to their well placed troops. ||  || It was a series of battles designed to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. ||  || Sherman's capture of Atlanta helped convince the public that the war was being won and helped his reeelction. Because Grant failed the Wilderness Campaign, it was a big turning point for Lincoln to recollect people's support and popularity. || Lee met Grant at Appomattox Courthouse because he knew that his situation was hopeless. He was blocked by the Grant's army while he was asking for Confederates help. Also they were low in supplies such as food and weapons. ||  || Many People were dead and it the slavery was ended. Also the economy was ruined. ||  ||
 * **1.** ||  |||||||| **a.** **Identify** What Confederate general died from his wounds at Chancellorsville?
 * ||  |||||||| **b.** **Draw Conclusions** Why was the Union army defeated at Chancellorsville?
 * **2.** ||  |||||||| **a.** **Identify** What was the **Gettysburg Address**?
 * ||  |||||||| **b.** **Analyze** Why was geography important to the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg?
 * **3.** ||  |||||||| **a.** **Recall** What was the purpose of the **Wilderness Campaign**?
 * ||  |||||||| **b.** **Draw Conclusions** In what way was the capture of Atlanta an important victory for President Lincoln?
 * **4.** ||  |||||||| **a.** **Identify** What events led to Lee’s surrender at **Appomattox Courthouse**?
 * **4.** ||  |||||||| **a.** **Identify** What events led to Lee’s surrender at **Appomattox Courthouse**?
 * ||  || **b.** **Summarize** What problems did the South face at the end of the war?

HW

1.a What role did Ulysses S. Grant play in the war in the West? Grant was the commander of the U.S forces in the western campaign who led many wars such as Battle of Shiloh in to the victory. Also he helped the Union to gain Mississippi River.

b. Why was the Battle of Shiloh important? Battle of Shiloh made Union to gain greater control o the Mississippi River valley.

c. Do you think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions in the west? Why or why not? I think President Lincoln would have approved of Grant's actions in the west. Because Lincoln was being impatient of the Mccellan's attitudes, which took most of the time without fighting, he was eager to find a person like Grant, who was bold and restless and ready to fight. Also, Grant captured many Forts such as the Fort Henry and led the Battle of Shiloh in to the victory.

2 a. How did the Union take New Orleans, and why was it an important victory? As Grant battled his way down the Mississippi, the Union navy led by David Farragut, prepared to blast its way upriver to meet him. While Farragut was carefully race pasting the New Orleans, the Confederates fired at his ships. But his fleet slipped by the twin forts and made it to New Orleans which finally made them fall. This was an important victory because Union got Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi and led to the victory in the Siege of Vicksburg. Also Mississippi River was the key part in exports which could improve the trading.

b. How were civilians affected by the Siege of Vicksburg When the General Grant's troop began the Siege of Vicksburg, they spend a hard time. Because of the shortage of food supplies, civillians and soldiers survived by eating anything they could eat. ( They ate dogs, rats and horses.)

c. What might be some possible results of the Union victory at Vicksburg? Because of the Union victory at Vicksburg, I think Grant got more supplies from the soldiers and civilians. Also the Southern, who was confident of the victory of First,Second and Seven Days War, lost confident. Also it split the Confederacy into two and stopped the Confederacy to receive European's help.

Emancipation of 1860 An idea that banned the slavery

Gattysburg Address Lincoln's speech --- Civil War notes

1. What was the war about for the North? Keeping the Union together slavery

2. What was the War about for the South? Wanted to secede ( withdraw from the nation) keep the slavery

3. Who was Robert E. Lee?? Famous Southern general Leadership, great character counterattack that became known as Seven Days War Attack Richmond ( Union retreats)

4. Who was Mccellan?? New orleans, Tenesses : North won General Head of the North loses confident when he lost the Battle, Bull run (manasis) Arrogant and over confident - Lincoln pushed him to attack the Confederate He failed because of the fear the Richmond attack Fort Sumpter? first attacked from the South to the Northern fort

Ullysseys Grant : becomes the general of the North part of the surrender of General Lee

5. What was the Blockade

6. What are ironclads? The ships that were made out of iron. ( could not be sunk)

7. What are the two most famous Ironclads? U.S monitor Marrymat

8. On the back. describe the next two big battles in Detail 1. Battle of Shiloh =bloodiest battle of the war Poke vs Grant Taking near the capital of the South, Richmond

Many soldiers were wounded, dead Union - caught when the went out of the tent

Battle of Fair oakes South : Davis got hurt - Lee became the general Left Davis Confederate president

**Section 1 : The War Begins p.511- 515**

1a. Identify What event triggered the war between the Union and the Confederacy? After decades of painful compromises, the Union was badly broken. Also in the South, a battle was arising up. Confederate officials began seizing branches of the federal mint, arsenals, and military outposts. Finally in 1861, that spark occurred at Fort Sumter, a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by Confederate troops, the beginning the Civil War.

1b. Contrast How did the Union’s strategy differ from that of the Confederacy? Confederacy :strong military tradition, strategic, cotton diplomacy ( an idea that Great Britain would support the Confederacy because it needed the South’s raw cotton to supply its booming textile industry.

Union- money, developed economy, banking system and greenbacks, under Scott’s control they became staregic.

1c. Evaluate Which side do you believe was best prepared for war? Explain your answer I think the Union was best prepared for the war. They had more money and advanced economy which provided them more supplies during the war. Also they had the advantage in industry and had a higher population than that of the Confederacy

2a. Describe How did women take part in the war Women worked in the war by giving supplies such as medicines. For example, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive a license to practice medicine, organized a group that pressured President Lincoln to form the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861.

2b. Summarize In what ways were the armies of the North and South unprepared for war? They both had shortages of clothing, food, and even rifles. Most troops lacked standard uniforms and simply wore their own clothes. Eventually, each side chose a color for their uniforms. The Union chose blue. The Confederates wore gray. Also, they had the problem with volunteers was that many of them had no idea how to fight. They had to learn how to use rifles.

2c. Elaborate Why did men volunteer to fight in the war? Men rose up to defend their land and their ways of life. visions of glory and action. Usually, many young soldiers were eager to fight.

3. Comparing and Contrasting Review your notes on the preparations for war by the North and the South. Then fill in the interactive graphic organizer to show the strengths and weaknesses of each side in the war.

The Confederacy had plenty of raw materials, but that was all-they had very few places in which to actually manufacture the things they needed. The Unioncould block the Confederacy's harbours so that the Confederacy couldn't trade with England to get weapons, paper, etc. The Union had the aid of many European countries, and the Confederacy had no extra soldiers.


 * Section 2. War in the East p. 516 ~ 521**

1a. Identify List the early battles in the East and the outcome of each battle. The First Battle of Bull Run was a Confederate victory, when the Union army ran out of stream. Seven Days’ Battles was also a Confederate victory which Union army had to retreat from near Richmond. The Second Battle of Bull Run was also a huge and the most important Confederate victory.

1b. Elaborate Why do you think the Union lost the First Battle of Bull Run? I think Union lost the battle because they lacked the strength to push north and capture Washington, D.C. Also because many people volunteered in the army, they were undisciplined and no prior combat experience, and had no reinforcements

2a. Describe What costly mistake did the Confederacy make before the Battle of Antietam? The Confederacy commander, Lee left his battle plan which had been left at an abandoned Confederate camp. McClellan learned that Lee had divided his army in order to attack Harpers Ferry.

2b. Analyze What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War—and of U.S. history. Both North and South soldiers were killed and wounded. Also Lee’s northward advance had been stopped.

2c. Elaborate Why do you think General George B. McClellan did not finish off General Robert E. Lee’s troops when he had the chance? During the battle, McClellan kept four divisions of soldiers in reserve and refused to use them to attack Lee’s army because he was convinced that Lee was massing reserves for a counterattack. Even though this didn’t occured, Lee’s norhtward plan had been stopped.

3a. Describe What was the Union’s strategy in the war at sea? The Union navy quickly mobilized to set up a blockade of southern ports. The blockade largely prevented the South from selling or receiving goods, and it seriously damaged the southern economy.

3b. Draw Conclusions Why were ironclads more successful than older, wooden ships? Confederacy turned to a new type of warship,ironclads, or ships heavily armored with iron. It made other old ships damage more efficiently. Manifest Destiny : An ideas to justify and promote territorial expansion across the North American continent. It was established idealy of democracy, freedom and progress.

Texas Annexation of 1845: Texas was added to U.S as the 28th state in 1845

Oregon Train : Overland migration routes on the North American continent, leading from locations on the Missouri River to the Oregon Territory.

Oregon Territory : Land claimed by both of the U.S and Great Britain.

1. Missouri Compromise was an agreement that was put forward by Henry Clay which allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter the Union as a free state. The Compromise also drew an imaginary line at 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, dividing the new Louisiana Territory into two areas, one north and one south.

2. Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity.

3. Compromise of 1850 : It abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia but bound Congress to create became the Fugitive Slave Law. It also admitted California as a free state and separately organized the territories of Utah and New Mexico without restrictions on slavery.

4. Fugitive Slave law is the law that was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. This law made it tougher on slaves who ran away and demanded stricter punishment for those helping slaves run away.

5. Uncle Tom's Cabin : It is an anti-slavery novel by American author by Harriet Beecher Howe. It was Published in 1852, and it had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in U.S, so much that the novel caused the sectional conflictleading to the American Civil War.

6. Ostend Manifesto was a secret document written in 1854 by U.S diplomats at Ostend, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. It resulted in public outcry both domestically and abroad. It significantly damaged the administration of U.S. President Frankiln Pierce and set back expansionist efforts in the prelude to the Civil War.

7. Kansas Nebraska Act : It is the 1854 Act of Congress that repealed the Missouri Compromise and introduced as the guiding principle behind the incorporation of the Kansas and Nebraska Territories the idea of popular sovereignty--the ideas of citizens of newly formed territories could decide whether slavery would be allowed in their new state.

8. Dred Scott case : Dred Scott was a slave who went through to india to be free. When the government tried to take him over again and made him to slave again, he sent this case to the Supreme Court. An case which was decided in front of the Supreme court of the U.S in 1857, and considered by many to be a key cause of the Civil War and the later ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments leading to the abolition of slavery.

9. John Brwon was an American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurection to end slavery. He killed the Southern people and wanted to end the slavery.

10. Election of 1860 : It was an important election which set the stage for the American Civil War. It fractured the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and brought Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party a power without the support of a Southern State. ( Lincoln had the victorty.)

Monroe Doctrine : an American foreign policy stated in 1823 by President James Monroe which was intended to show that the U.S was the only country that could influence such political mattes. It is based on four points of the political powers. Louisiana Purchase : Purchase of land of France under Napoleon's force, which effectively doubled the territory of U.S.

1. How did the Monroe Doctrine influence America’s relationship with other foreign countries? Monroe proclaimed that the era of colonization in the America had ended. He stated that any attempts be European powers to extend their political system to the Western Hemisphere would be seen as a threat. Also he stated that U.S would not interfere with existing European colonies and avoid involvement in European affairs.

2. Identify the circumstances that allowed the United States to gain possession of the Louisiana Territory. Spain’s agreement to give Louisiana back to France jeopardized Pinckney’s Treaty, provided Americans a free navigation of the Mississippi River. Jefferson feared that Napoleon had designs on controlling the American frontier and would forbid Americans access to New Orleans, the most important shipping port in the south. He sent representatives to France to negotiate. Soon they declared the war and Napoleon noticed that the war in Europe was taking up more resource than in Europe was taking up more resources than expectedNapoleon, realizing that he could not expand the empire at the time, decided to offer the Louisiana Territory back to the American and accepted the offer of $15 million and almost doubled the amount of territory the US controlled.

1. How many Supreme Court justices are there? There are 9 justices in the supreme court. 2. What is the Supreme Court? What does it do? Supreme court is the highest judicial body in the United States, and leads the federal judiciary system. It disputes and issues important to the American people. 3. What was the judiciary act of 1789? What is Judicial review? Judiciary act of 1789 is the law that created the Judicial Branch of the federal government. Judicial review is the idea that the Supreme Court can rule over any decisions that the state courts have made.

4.What was the story of Marbury vs Madison? The 1803 decision which marked the first time the United States Supreme Court to declare a federal law unconstitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the opinion for the court. He held that it was the duty of the judicial branch to determine what the law is. His opinion established the power of judicial review that is, the court's authority to declare laws unconstitutional. It happened with the Supreme court's denying Marbury's petition to deliver the documents to James Madison.

In Topeka, Kansas, a African American girl named Linda Brown, had to walk one mile through a railroad to get to her black elementary school. She also got refused from the school where White people attends to. His father, Oliver Brown, had sued the school system in Topeka, claiming her daughter's black school of the equality to the White Americans school. He went to the head of Topeka's branch of Association of Colored People and asked for help. This association got larger by the joining of other black people. They argued that segregated schools are giving the black children that they were inferior to whites. Oliver also said that his case violated the 14th Amendment which protected all American rights of equal protection and education. Plessy v. Ferguson, another case issued about the segregation of colored people, allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites. But the Supreme court struck down the 'separate but equal' doctrine of Plessy and required the desegregation of schools across America. Brown vs. The Board of Education ended up with the winning of the black people who got their rights back, partly. They applied the 14th Amendment to the public education in to the case. I agree with the ruling of this case. I think the black people have rights to educate and protect themselves freely. If they have to suffer many disadvantages through their life, then it is not Democratic America of one nation. Even though it did not abolished segregation in other public areas, I think it was a great step towards complete desegregation of public schools.

1. Why did Jefferson want to explore west? - During Jefferson's eras, no one knew the life of the Pacific coast side. They even thought that the dinosaur was living in. Jefferson was curious about the farther land and wanted to expanse. Also he wanted to create and bound the states to make one big nation. This is why he sent Lewis and Clark to the Pacific Northwest. Also he was insatiable for knowledge, and he wanted to know what was out there farther west. This is why he tried three times before he was president to mount expeditions and find northeastern passage. 2. Why was Lewis an ideal leader for the Corps of Discovery? - He was a man of of great character, great integrity, truly marvelous insightful leadership. He also behaved in a courtly manner and a proper manner, a military manner but there was not that ease that that you see in Clark. He also got helped from Jefferson who trusted him and done most of the work with. He was the right hand of the Jefferson. Also because of the successful expedition to the America, he received more trust from Jefferson and became the leader of the Louisiana.

3. What kind of man was William Clark? - Clark was the the man who had the practicality always to be able to to find a solution, whatever the problem was. He had a capacity to deal with with the men, all of whom were not formally educated. Also he gave Lewis his discipline and his intelligence the the force, the power to make it, make it go, to make it active. He was also the marvelous cartographer and made maps. He gave Lewis his discipline and his intelligence the the force, the power to make it, make it go, to make it active.

4. Who was Sacagawea and how did she aid the expedition? - Sacagawea was a Shoshone woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Westen U.S. She was captured by the Hidatsa in a war raid, they were war party, which was common. When she noticed that she was born in another country and belongings, she decided to leave his country. She traveled thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean between 1806 and 1806.

5. What was life like for York, Clark's black slave, during the expedition? - York was a slave of the Wiliam Clark. He compelled to leave his family and accompany Clark and 40 others on the Lewis and Clark expedition. He was also the only African American member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. By the career of being as slaves, his skill in scouting, hunting and field medicine helped him during the journey. York made invaluable contributions to the expedition on many occasions. Risking his life to save Clark in a flash flood on the Missouri River near Great Falls in present-day Montana. Going out and hunting and bringing in the game. Putting up the captain’s tents, managing the sails, plying his oar, doing all the things that everyone else did. He made his contribution.

6. How did Lewis and Clark deal with the Indians they encountered? - They established trade relations with Indians and tried hard to find out about them for Jefferson. And they wanted to say, “You are now part of the United States. You have a new Great Father.” Some of the indians were friendly and some weren't. They also wanted peace with them and tried hard to trade. (Usually fur trade) They gave indians a Peace medals. This symbolized two very different things. And they represent two different things on two different sides of the cultural divide.

7. What kinds of animals did Lewis and Clark discover? - They saw the animals that are rare in the America. They met grizzly bears,bugs, mosquitoes and prairie dogs during the expedition. They could not get your food into your mouth without a mouthful of mosquitoes. They got so bad on some occasions that Lewis could not raise and aim his rifle. They couldn’t believe the numbers of the prairie dogs that they were seeing and then they couldn’t believe the lifestyle of the prairie dog and they went to one of holes and they kept pulling up the water. Also they saw the grizzly bears and Clark said he saw at one time, is a staggering thing, blanketing the Plains. They said that when they snorted, it reverberates. The ground could shake from the number of buffalo they saw.

8. What are some of the lesser known stories of the expedition? - Whiskey was a significant treat for them on the expedition. They brought enough whiskey along to get them through to the Great Falls. . It prevented themselves to desert. They measured out the whiskey, gave them about enough, a gill of whiskey, about four ounces. Then they began to water that whiskey down to stretch it out. Also they named things after every member of the expedition. They named every member who went with Lewis and Clark had a creek or a hill or something named for them. Sacagawea, the dog named Seaman is an example.

**1.** **Describe** What role did the electoral college play in **George Washington’s** election to the presidency? Electoral College is a body of electors who represent the people’s vote in choosing the president**.** The electoral college selected Washington unanimously, and John Adams became his vice president.

1. **Summarize** What were some of **Martha** **Washington’s** duties as First Lady? She entertained guests and attended social events with her husband.also the rights of the women.

2.a. **Describe** What **precedent** did President Washington and Congress establish regarding the executive branch? A precedent is an action or decision that later serves as an example. The First Congress created departments in the executive branch for different areas of national policy. Washington met with the department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him. b **Explain** What was the purpose of the **Judiciary** **Act of 1789**? This act created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationship to the state courts. It set up federal district courts and circuit courts of appeals.
 * c.** **Evaluate** What do you think was the most important element of the Judiciary Act of 1789? Why?

3. **a.** **Recall** What city served as the first capital of the United States? Why? New York served as the first capital of the U.S.

Most Americans had high expectations for the new country. They wanted improved trade, free from too many restrictions. But they also expected the government to protect them and to keep the economy stable.
 * b.** **Draw Conclusions** What expectations did most Americans have for the new nation?

New York City had a bustling economy. International trade and business is very active in this country. I think New York should be the capital of the U.S.
 * c.** **Make Judgments** Do you think New York City should still be the capital city of the United Statesit represented the spirit of the new nation.

Section2 #1~3

1 **a.** **Describe** What economic problems did the new government face? Bonds are certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy back the bonds at a higher price. The government could not afford to keep this promise.

**Summarize** What compromise did **Alexander** **Hamilton**, **Thomas Jefferson**, and James Madison reach regarding repayment of state debts? Hamilton wanted to pay the foreign debt immediately and gradually repay the total value of all bonds. Thomas Jefferson and James madison disagreed. He thought the idea cheated bondholders who had sold their bonds at low prices.

**Identify** What disagreement did Jefferson and Hamilton have over the central government? Hamilton wanted a strong central government and wanted a central government that equalized the power for the citizens. On the ohter hand, Jefferson wanted more power to the states and believed it was the citizen's rights to rule the country. **Draw Conclusions** Hamilton was a New Yorker, while Jefferson was from Virginia. How do you think that affected their views on the economy? Hamilton,being a New Yoker, would prefer being toward the industrial side. However, Jefferson would prefer agricultural things. This made the differecnes.

**Elaborate** Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson regarding the average citizen’s ability to make decisions for the country? Explain your answer. I agree with Hamilton because he wanted to improve the country undustrially. Also I think the U.S need a strong central government than the small equallized government.

**Recall** Why did Jefferson oppose the creation of the **Bank of the United States**? Jefferson and Madison believed that Hamilton’s plans for the economy gave too much power to the federal government. They also thought the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank.

**Contrast** What is the difference between **loose** **construction** and **strict construction** of the Constitution? People who favor strict construction think that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do. Loose construction means that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid.

**Elaborate** Defend Alexander Hamilton’s stance in favor of the creation of a national bank. President Washington and Congress agreed with Hamilton. They hoped a bank would offer stability for the U.S. economy. In February 1791 Congress enacted the charter for the Bank of the U.S which is the U.S first bank. The bank played an important role in making the U.S. economy more stable.

-- Explain your answer.- There are many similarities between explorers. Firstly, they all mistreated and persecuted indians. Indians thought they are gods and respected them at first. For example, they thought Hernando Cortes was a legendary birds. Unfortunately, most of the explorers got killed or injured from indians later when they started to mistreated indians. For instance, Giovanni Da Verrazano, which was my explorers, got eaten by indians after conquering them. Another similarites is that most of the explorers failed to find riches and tried many voyages. For example, many explorers had to come back to their country without finding any golds or routes to China. Most of them had voyages of 4 or 3.

Explorers are different in many ways. For example, they all had different countries that support their voyages. Spain, France were the most supportest to the sailors. Also they all had different interests and childhood. Some of them was well-educated and had a wealthy childhoods, but most of them was poor. Also they all had different interests and motives.

Constitution: A set of basic principles and laws that states the powers and duties of the government. Virginia Plan : A new federal constitution that would give sovereignty, or supreme power, to the central government.

New Jersey Plan : A plan which called for a unicameral, or one- house, legislature. The plan gave each state an equal number of votes, and thus an equal voice,in the federal government.

Great Compromise : THe agreement to create a two house legislature became known.

Three - fifths Compromise : Under this agreement only three - fifths of a state's slave population would count when determining representation.

Main Ideas

1. Should the government's power come from the states or the people? I think the government's power have to come from the both of the people and the one united states. If the government's power are only based on people, because there are variety of ideas and complains, government might have hardship deciding and stating it. Also if the government refuse their ideas, people might rebel or protest easily. On the other hand, if the government's power only come from states, they could be devided and U.S might collapsed. For example, if other states disagree the idea of other state, they could declare war or secede from U.S. I think the government's power should come from both of the states and the people.

2.Should slaves be counted as people or property for determining representation in Congress? For determining representation in Congress, I think slaves should counted as a property. Even though the Articles of Confederation didn't stated the rights of the slaves, I think U.S wouldn't have independence without them. Slaves worked hard but treated as a animals. They worked on most of the agriculture and plantations. For their help, U.S imported their goods and live comfortably.

3. Should the slave trade be outlawed or allowed to continue? I think slave trade be outlawed to continue. Based on the idea that "All men are created Equal", people should recognize their rights and properties as a human. Also because slaves already worked long enough since the British's government, they should get freed and outlawed. 4. Should a single person be allowed to head (lead) the executive branch? I think single person should not be allowed to lead the executive branch. The definition of executive branch is that a political branch that serves to preserve, protect and defend the laws made by the legislative branch but does not have the right or responsibility to legislate himself. Because the law is the bases of everything that is important for the country and the citizens, I think one single person should not lead it by himself. The executive branch should be state by the enough discussion withmany people, states. 5. Should the chief executive (president) be elected by the Congress or by the people? 5. Should the president be elected by the Congress or from people? I think the president should be elected by the Congress. Congress, which has the delegates from the states should elect the president by the votes. I think the votes from the people and from delegates are same because delegates are people who represent their own states. They will choose the right person based on the citizen's ideas. Also because delegates are elected by citizens, it is same as citizens voting for their leaders. Also instead of all of the Americans voting, which is the big confuse, voting of Congress will be effective.